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yet it exists. Regardless of the size of the cow herd, it always has the same structure. At the head of the herd is a dominant female: the most arrogant, experienced and powerful cow. It is she who chooses the route for the herd, takes the best places to lie down and eats the most delicious grass. Immediately behind her are several subdominant cows, also immensely brave and self-confident. These cows constantly quarrel and bully each other in order to get as close to the throne as possible. And replace the dominant cow if she weakens or dies. Next in line are the middle ones. Calm and non-conflict individuals who are satisfied with their position in the hierarchy. But they won’t let themselves be offended either. Well, in the back rows of the herd there are outsiders, who are pushed around even by calm and non-conflict cows. This layer consists of those cows who do not have the strength or courage to respond to aggression, so they are often driven away from food, not even allowing them to satisfy their hunger. The life of an outcast is hard, no matter what you say. Position in the hierarchy affects not only the cow itself, but also reproduction. The higher the female is in the hierarchy, the sooner she will be in the strong embrace of the bull and the higher on the social ladder her child will be. In approximately the first six months of his life, his status in the herd is automatically equal to the status of his mother, so the daughter of the older cow will be allowed in during relationships, where the outsider girl will be poked in the side with her muzzle and driven away. The hierarchical structure is so important for cows that it has not weakened at all under the yoke of human selection. Experiments show that even if you gather a completely new herd of cows that are unfamiliar to each other, they will build a new hierarchy in just half an hour! Fact four: A memory worth being proud of Of course, in order to remember the place of everyone in a huge herd of 50-100 heads, cows simply need an excellent memory, in some places not inferior to a human one. Therefore, they can complete a complex maze even 6 weeks after the last training. They remember the faces of the people in contact with them and their character, and they remember the affection shown to them for at least 6 months! Well, if you consciously engage in training cows, then it quickly becomes clear that they learn commands no worse than horses and remember andx up to 1 year! Fact five: Clones, clones, clones... Cows are also a surprisingly common test subject in cloning experiments. Which is actually quite logical. After all, the cow is one of the most studied animals on earth, artificial insemination of which has long ago become a proven process. All embryologists need to do is, instead of insemination, implant a laboratory-grown embryo clone into the cow. Then nature will do everything itself. True, creating the embryo itself is still a task with an asterisk. And