Вычисление выражений Python
Вы наверняка знакомы с eval, но знаете ли вы о literal_eval? Вряд ли. Для безопасного исполнения выражений, содержащих исключительно литералы, вы можете делать так, как показано на картинке выше.
Между прочим, данная фича находится в языке уже очень давно.
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🔶 Uses of Would in English 🔶
Basically, we use 'will' to:
1- express beliefs about the present or future
2- to talk about what people want to do or are willing to do
3- to make promises, offers and requests.
and we use 'would' as the past tense form of 'will'. Because it is a past tense, it is used:
1- to talk about the past
2- to talk about hypotheses (when we imagine something)
3- for politeness.
Now, let's delve into the details of using 'would' in English:
1. Imagining a Situation or Action (Present/Future Unreal):
We use 'would' when we imagine something that isn’t real (hypothetical).
Examples:
- It would be nice to buy a new car, but we can’t afford it.
- I’d love to live by the sea.
- I wouldn’t say anything. (= If I were you, I’d keep quiet)
2. Imagining Something in the Past (would have + past participle): We use 'would have (done)' for things that did not happen in the past.
Examples:
- I don’t know what we’d have done without their help.
- He wouldn’t have been pleased if he’d known.
3. Difference Between Would (Present) and Would Have (Past):
Examples:
- I would call Lisa, but I don’t have her number. (present hypothetical)
- I would have called Lisa, but I didn’t have her number. (past hypothetical)
4. Would in If-Clauses (Conditionals): 'Would' often appears in sentences with 'if':
Examples:
- I would call Lisa if I had her number.
- I would have called Lisa if I’d had her number.
5. 'Would' vs 'Will' (Past vs Present): 'Would' is often the past form of 'will':
Examples:
Present: I’ll call you on Sunday.
Past: Tom said he’d call me on Sunday.
Present: I won’t be late.
Past: Amy promised she wouldn’t be late.
6. Wouldn’t = Refused to: 'Wouldn’t' can mean “refused to”:
Examples:
- I tried to warn him, but he wouldn’t listen. (= refused to listen)
- The car wouldn’t start. (= refused to start)
7. Politeness & Softening: 'Would' makes requests, offers, or statements softer/polite:
Examples:
- Would you like some coffee?
- Would you mind closing the window?
- I would suggest you take a break.
8. Reported Speech: Would is used when reporting someone’s words (future-in-the-past):
Examples:
- Direct: “I will help you,” she said.
- Reported: She said she would help me.
9. Habitual Actions in the Past: 'Would' describes things people used to do regularly:
Examples:
- When we were kids, we would play outside until dark.
- In summer, we would go swimming every morning.
(Similar to used to)
10. Expressing Preference: With 'rather' and 'sooner', 'would' shows preference:
Examples:
- I’d rather stay home tonight.
- I’d sooner walk than take the bus.
11. Expressing Certainty / Expectation: Sometimes 'would' shows what we expect is true:
Examples:
- That would be Tom at the door. (= I’m fairly sure it’s Tom)
- I thought it would be easy, but it wasn’t.
12. Hypothetical Past in Stories: Writers sometimes use 'would' to make storytelling vivid:
Examples:
- Every morning he would rise at dawn and walk to the river.
- The old man would sit by the fire and tell us stories.
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SOME BINOMIAL EXPRESSIONS WITH "AND"
1. Back and forth – moving in two directions repeatedly
2. Ups and downs – good and bad times
3. Give and take – mutual compromise
4. Black and white – clearly defined; not gray
5. Life and death – very serious or critical
6. Safe and sound – unharmed
7. Now and then – occasionally
8. Peace and quiet – calm and silence
9. Sooner or later – eventually
10. Law and order – societal rules and stability
11. Pros and cons – advantages and disadvantages
12. Neat and tidy – organized
13. By and large – generally
14. Out and about – going places, being active
15. Right and wrong – morality
16. First and foremost – most importantly
17. Sick and tired – fed up
18. Bread and butter – basic needs or main income
19. More or less – approximately
20. Trial and error – experimenting to find a solution
21. Pick and choose – be selective
22. To and fro – back and forth
23. Wear and tear – damage from normal use
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Idiom :
caught in the crossfire
Meaning :
to be caught between two opposing people or groups so it is difficult to remain neutral
Example :
The family was caught in the crossfire between the police and the criminals.
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“Used to” vs. “Be used to”
✅ "Used to"
📝 Describes something you did in the past but don’t do now.
Example:
✔️ I used to play video games every day.
(= I played often before, but not now.)
✅ "Be used to"
📝 Means you are familiar with or comfortable with something.
Example:
✔️ I am used to waking up early.
(= It’s normal for me now.)
🧠 Quick Tip:
If you can replace it with "accustomed to," use “be used to.”
If you're talking about a past habit, use “used to.”
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Phrasal Verb ⬅️➡️ Basic Word
1. Hold on – Wait
2. Catch on – Understand
3. Cut down – Reduce
4. Spell out – Explain
5. Find out – Discover
6. Take off – Remove
7. Come in – Enter
8. Own up – Admit
9. Figure out – Solve
10. Kick off – Start
11. Carry on – Continue
12. Put off – Postpone
13. Call off – Cancel
14. Put up with – Tolerate
15. Show up – Arrive
16. Make up – Invent
17. Run into – Meet
18. Get away – Escape
19. Get back – Return
20. Give out – Distribute
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Common Mistakes
Interested in (not "interested on")
✔️ I am interested in learning English.
❌ I am interested on learning English.
Good at (not "good in")
✔️ She is good at math.
❌ She is good in math.
Married to (not "married with")
✔️ He is married to Sarah.
❌ He is married with Sarah.
Listen to (not "listen")
✔️ I love to listen to music.
❌ I love to listen music.
Afraid of (not "afraid from")
✔️ She is afraid of spiders.
❌ She is afraid from spiders.
Depend on (not "depend from")
✔️ It depends on the weather.
❌ It depends from the weather.
Think about (not "think on")
✔️ I am thinking about my future.
❌ I am thinking on my future.
Responsible for (not "responsible of")
✔️ He is responsible for the project.
❌ He is responsible of the project.
Tired of (not "tired from")
✔️ I am tired of working late.
❌ I am tired from working late.
Proud of (not "proud for")
✔️ She is proud of her achievements.
❌ She is proud for her achievements.
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🤪 Ways to say you don't understand
1️⃣ Formal short phrases you can use:
🙂 Pardon?
🥹 Sorry?
😊 Excuse me?
😠 I beg your pardon?
2️⃣ Informal short phrases you can use:
😧 What did you say?
😏 Huh?
🙂 ‘Scuse me?
😱 What was that?
🤔 Hmm?
3️⃣ Now, let's see some slang phrases:
💭 Come again?
💭 Pass that by me again?
💭 I don’t get it
4️⃣ And some idioms:
((Idioms aren't translated literally))
📰This is all Greek to me
⚡ I think our wires are crossed
🪨 That was as clear as mud
👄 Everything you said is just a word salad
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Commonly confused English word pairs
1. Accept vs Except
2. Affect vs Effect
3. Advise vs Advice
4. Capital vs Capitol
5. Compliment vs Complement
6. Conscience vs Conscious
7. Ensure vs Insure
8. Elicit vs Illicit
9. Emigrate vs Immigrate
10. Everyday vs Every day
11. Fewer vs Less
12. Hear vs Here
13. Lose vs Loose
14. Passed vs Past
15. Principal vs Principle
16. Stationary vs Stationery
17. Than vs Then
18. Their vs There vs They’re
19. To vs Too vs Two
20. Weather vs Whether
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📌 Had better
🔸 We use "had better" to refer to the present or the future, to talk about actions we think people should do. The verb form is always "had", not "have". We normally shorten it to "’d better" in informal situations. It is followed by the infinitive without to:
✅ Synonym: Should
💠 Examples:
📖 You had better discuss this issue with Bruno.
📖 It’s five o’clock. I’d better go now before the traffic gets too bad.
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