Post #883

ＯＰＲＩＣＨＮＩＫＩ - ＲＵＳＳＩＡＮ ＰＵＮＩＴＩＶＥ ＢＬＡＣＫ ＯＲＤＥＲ. ＯＰＲＩＣＨＮＩＮＡ 𝙵𝙴𝙱𝚁𝚄𝙰𝚁𝚈 3, 1565 𝙸𝚅𝙰𝙽 𝙸𝚅 𝚃𝙷𝙴 𝚃𝙴𝚁𝚁𝙸𝙱𝙻𝙴 𝙴𝚂𝚃𝙰𝙱𝙻𝙸𝚂𝙷𝙴𝙳 𝚃𝙷𝙴 𝙾𝙿𝚁𝙸𝙲𝙷𝙽𝙸𝙽𝙰 Oprichniki are the subject of numerous disputes in the Russian environment. Various myths are hung on people in black caftans (so, by the way, they dressed), they are presented as bloodsuckers, chain dogs of Ivan the Terrible (who, by the way, is one of the most slandered Russian rulers in the entire history of Russia). Who were they? What is the metaphysics of the oprichnina? Such a phenomenon as oprichnina / oprichniki, as I said above, is very slanderous. Literary authors demonized the deeds of Russian punishers. An example of this is Alexei Konstantinovich Tolstoy, who wrote in his work "Prince Sereberyany" about bandits robbing the population, who have a broom and a dog's head with them (symbols of guardsmen). Foreigners, the tsar's physician Schlichting, also participated in the denigration of the oprichnina. He wrote a memoir entitled "News from Muscovy, reported by the nobleman Albert Schlichting about the life and tyranny of Tsar Ivan." 𝙴𝚃𝚈𝙼𝙾𝙻𝙾𝙶𝚈 𝙾𝙵 𝚃𝙷𝙴 𝚆𝙾𝚁𝙳 The word "oprichnina" is rooted in the old Russian word "oprich", which meant "except". They were also called Kromshniks, emphasizing their exclusivity. Traditionally, in Ancient Rus', the oprichnina was called part of the princely lands that were transferred after the death of the prince to his widow. 𝚆𝙷𝙰𝚃 𝙰𝚁𝙴 𝚃𝙷𝙴 𝚁𝙴𝙰𝚂𝙾𝙽𝚂 𝙵𝙾𝚁 𝙾𝙿𝚁𝙸𝙲𝙷𝙽𝙸𝙽𝙰? Sovereign John IV in December 1564 leaves for a prayer service at the Trinity Monastery, from where he then goes to Alexandrov Sloboda. In 1565, a messenger with two royal letters was sent from there. One was addressed to the Boyar Duma, Metropolitan Athanasius and the Consecrated Cathedral. There was "a rich list of betrayals and untruths by boyars, voivodships and all sorts of clerks." The second royal letter was addressed to "all the townspeople" of Moscow, which stated that the sovereign "does not hold anger at them and does not lay any disgrace." The Tsar will agree to return to Moscow under two conditions: 1) Carry out executions among the boyars suspected of treason without the consent of the Boyar Duma 2) The sovereign establishes the royal oprichnina And now the Tsar's oprichnina stood out from all the land of the Moscow state. It included: all Russian counties on the border with Lithuania, territories with well-developed feudal land ownership, northern fishing towns and counties. Territories that did not fall into the oprichnina were called zemshchina and were ruled by the zemstvo boyar duma. The duality began. The oprichnaya boyar duma and the zemstvo boyar duma, two troops, two state courts, etc. 𝙾𝙿𝚁𝙸𝙲𝙷𝙽𝙸𝙽𝙰 𝙰𝚁𝙼𝚈 - 𝙼𝙸𝙻𝙸𝚃𝙰𝚁𝚈 𝚁𝙴𝙻𝙸𝙶𝙸𝙾𝚄𝚂 𝙱𝚁𝙾𝚃𝙷𝙴𝚁𝙷𝙾𝙾𝙳. 𝙶𝚄𝙰𝚁𝙳𝚂 𝙾𝙵 𝚁𝚄𝚂' 1000 of the best servants on the territory of the oprichnina got into the oprichnina army (later their number increased to 6000 people). Those who did not fall into these ranks were exiled along with their families and servants to the zemstvo, and their lands were confiscated. The guardsmen should have understood that they are a military-religious brotherhood that has come to the defense of Rus', the people and their creator. Their charter was similar to that of a monastery. They dressed in black cassocks and skullcaps. Their center is Aleksandrovskaya Sloboda "By the sin of Russia of all the earth, there was a great rebellion and hatred in all people, and internecine strife and misfortune were great, and the sovereign was moved to anger, and for the great treason the tsar initiated an oprichnina."