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Изходен канал @clockstackwheels · Post #721 · 26.12

Почему я люблю языки с сильной системой типов, проверяемой статическим анализом кода — хорошо написанная программа является своей собственной спецификацией и позволяет выражать через язык программирования законы существования предметной области. Когда-то давно я писал на ActionScript. Там была система типов, но вот десериализация JSON'ов по-умолчанию была в какой-то общий Object, к полям которого нужно было обращаться ["по_строковому_имени"]. В один момент мне потребовалось написать что-то на C#, который я совсем не знал, я стал гуглить, как десериализовать JSON, и с удивлением обнаружил кучу советов заранее объявить класс со всеми нужными полями и десериализовать в него. "Какой ужас!", — подумал я тогда, — "Это же дико неудобно! А если я не знаю полей JSON? А если их много? Отвратительный язык!" Теперь то я прекрасно понимаю, что JSON это контракт, и что правильная десериализация только такая и должна быть, и что в хорошем API в одном поле никогда не бывает данных принципиально разных типов, и так далее. Нет, если вы набиваете вечерами пет-проект или сидите бессонную ночь на хакатоне, нет ничего плохого в том, чтобы взять простой язык с динамическими типами вроде JavaScript или Python, не требующий описывать данные. Но вот в энтерпрайзе, особенно когда над одним проектом работает много людей (а бывает это очень часто) — хорошее использование системы типов убережёт разработчиков от огромного количества ошибок, будет бить их по рукам, когда они пытаются сделать что-то не то, и будет подсказывать, когда они не уверены в чём-то. С помощью статической типизации можно на уровне кода обозначить правила, по которым ведёт себя предметная область вашей программы в реальном мире. Разработчику не только будет сложно их нарушить, но он ещё и станет узнавать какие-то вещи, которые мог не знать раньше. Например, если мы делаем медицинскую CRM, и больница заводит новых пациентов только тогда, когда знает их группу крови, мы можем объявить тип "Пациент" (или, если точнее, "Карта пациента") и запретить создавать экземпляры этого типа, не передав в конструктор группу крови (которая, в свою очередь, тоже является типом, вероятнее всего ValueObject'ом). Если новый программист пришёл в проект, он, во-первых, не сможет записать в БД некорректную карту пациента. Понятно, мы не учитываем случаи, когда новый программист переделывает модели предметной области — это будет хорошо видно на кодревью. А, во-вторых, даже если ему никто не сказал, что пациенты должны быть с группой крови, он узнает это из кода. И уже будет понимать, что в тех процессах реальной жизни, которые он описывает кодом, карта пациента создаётся только при наличии группы крови. А, значит, нужно искать какой-то способ сначала эту группу крови получить, и только потом создавать карту. Программирование моделирует реальный процесс. В настоящей работе даже на языках с типами, конечно, без должного контроля можно написать что угодно. Нужна управленческая воля, компетентность руководства, понимание опасности техдолга, в идеале отдельные должности для архитекторов, опытные лиды и старшие разработчики. Но когда всё это есть, можно отсекать много проблем ещё на старте и проще погружать новичков. #dev

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AI & Law

@ai_and_law · Post #356 · 19.07.2024 г., 07:04

Can AI be an Author? Federal Court of Canada to Decide in New Copyright Case The Federal Court of Canada is set to rule on whether artificial intelligence can be considered an author under Canada’s copyright law. This landmark case will determine the legal status of AI-generated content, such as text, images, and videos created by systems like ChatGPT. David Fewer, director of the University of Ottawa’s Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic, emphasizes the urgency of establishing that only humans can be authors. With the surge of AI-generated content, he stresses the importance of defining these rules before AI-created works enter the commercial market. This case challenges a previous copyright registration of an AI-generated image by Indian lawyer Ankit Sahni, sparking a debate on the boundaries of copyright law and the role of AI. #AI#CopyrightLaw

AI & Law

@ai_and_law · Post #412 · 07.10.2024 г., 07:04

German Court Ruling on AI Copyright Sparks Debate In a surprising turn, the Hamburg Regional Court dismissed a copyright lawsuit by photographer Robert Kneschke against LAION, challenging the use of his images to train AI models without consent. The court ruled that LAION’s actions fall under Section 60(d) of German Copyright Law, which allows data mining for scientific research, creating uncertainty about creators' control over their work in AI training contexts. This decision raises key questions for EU copyright law interpretation, particularly around the scope of protections and the potential for this ruling to set a precedent. As AI evolves, balancing innovation with creators’ rights remains a critical challenge. #AIGovernance#CopyrightLaw#AIRegulation#LegalTech

AI & Law

@ai_and_law · Post #371 · 09.08.2024 г., 07:04

US Copyright Office reports ‘urgent need’ for protection from deepfakes The U.S. Copyright Office has issued a compelling report highlighting the urgent need for new legislation to address the rise of digital replicas, commonly known as deepfakes. Released on July 31, the report underscores the profound risks posed by AI-generated digital replicas, not only in entertainment and politics but also for private individuals. The office calls for a law that is distinct from existing copyright infringement statutes, aimed specifically at mitigating the unique threats of deepfakes. Shira Perlmutter, Register of Copyrights and Director of the US Copyright Office, emphasized the gravity of the situation: “The distribution of unauthorized digital replicas poses a serious threat not only in the entertainment and political arenas but also for private citizens. We believe there is an urgent need for effective nationwide protection against the harms that can be caused to reputations and livelihoods.” The proposed law would focus on the distribution and availability of unauthorized digital replicas rather than the act of creation alone, acknowledging the nuanced nature of creative processes. This proactive approach aims to protect individuals and businesses from financial, reputational, and personal harm, setting a foundation for robust national safeguards. #Deepfakes#CopyrightLaw#AIandLaw#AI

AI & Law

@ai_and_law · Post #454 · 29.11.2024 г., 08:04

AI Transparency in the Spotlight: New Senate Bill Protects Creators The "Transparency and Responsibility for Artificial Intelligence Networks (TRAIN) Act", introduced by Senator Peter Welch, aims to tackle a critical gap in generative AI development: transparency. If passed, the legislation would grant copyright holders the ability to subpoena AI training records when they suspect their work has been used without permission. Under the proposed framework, AI developers would need to disclose specific training data to confirm whether copyrighted material was used. Non-compliance would trigger a presumption that the developer had indeed utilized the copyrighted content, shifting the legal burden. Welch underscores the act’s significance: “If your work is used to train AI, you should have the right to know—and be compensated.” As generative AI reshapes creative industries, this bill marks a pivotal step in balancing innovation with the rights of artists, musicians, and creators. The debate over how to ensure ethical AI development is just beginning, and the TRAIN Act could set a precedent. #AITransparency#CopyrightLaw#EthicalAI#GenerativeAI

AI & Law

@ai_and_law · Post #533 · 25.03.2025 г., 08:04

🇺🇸No Copyright for AI-Generated Art, U.S. Court Rules A U.S. federal appeals court has reaffirmed that AI-generated works cannot be copyrighted unless a human is involved in their creation. The case, brought by computer scientist Stephen Thaler, challenged the U.S. Copyright Office’s longstanding position that only human authorship qualifies for copyright protection. Thaler had sought copyright for a painting fully created by his AI system, the “Creativity Machine,” but the court rejected the claim, emphasizing that AI itself cannot be the author. This ruling leaves open critical questions about AI-assisted creativity. The court clarified that human authors can register works made "with the assistance" of AI, but did not define where the boundary lies between AI-assisted and AI-generated content. As AI plays an increasing role in creative industries, this legal gray area could shape the future of copyright law. Thaler plans to continue his legal fight, potentially bringing the case to the Supreme Court. #AI#CopyrightLaw#AIGovernance#CreativeAI#Ethics

AI & Law

@ai_and_law · Post #92 · 23.08.2023 г., 07:04

US Federal Judge Rules: AI-Generated Art Not Eligible for Copyright Hello, everyone! A recent ruling by US District Court Judge Beryl A. Howell stated that AI-generated artwork cannot be copyrighted. This decision was reached as part of a lawsuit against the US Copyright Office, involving Stephen Thaler's attempt to copyright an AI-generated image produced with the Creativity Machine algorithm he developed. Judge Howell's verdict emphasized that human authorship is a fundamental requirement for copyright protection, highlighting that "absent any guiding human hand," copyright cannot be granted. While she acknowledged the evolving intersection of AI and copyright, she pointed out that new challenges arise in determining the necessary level of human input for AI-created art. Stephen Thaler intends to appeal the ruling, suggesting ongoing legal complexities around copyright and AI. Other AI-related copyright cases continue to emerge, sparking debates about the evolving relationship between AI technologies and legal frameworks. #AI#Copyright#Legal#ArtificialIntelligence#CopyrightLaw

AI & Law

@ai_and_law · Post #761 · 10.02.2026 г., 08:04

🇪🇺European Parliament Pushes New Copyright Safeguards for AI The European Parliament’s Committee on Legal Affairs has approved an own-initiative report proposing new measures to strengthen copyright protection in the context of generative AI. The proposals include mandatory transparency obligations on training data practices for all generative AI systems placed on the EU market. MEPs also call for remuneration mechanisms for rightsholders and the development of voluntary, sector-specific collective licensing agreements. The report is not legally binding but signals political direction and will be submitted for a vote by the full Parliament during the March plenary session. #AIandCopyright#EUAI#GenerativeAI#CopyrightLaw#AIRegulation

AI & Law

@ai_and_law · Post #538 · 01.04.2025 г., 07:04

🇺🇸Judge Allows NYT Copyright Lawsuit Against OpenAI to Proceed A federal judge has ruled that The New York Times’ lawsuit against OpenAI can move forward, rejecting OpenAI’s attempt to dismiss the case. While the court narrowed some claims, the main copyright infringement allegations remain. The lawsuit centers on whether OpenAI’s use of The Times’ content to train ChatGPT constitutes fair use or unlawful exploitation. #AI#CopyrightLaw#FairUse#OpenAI#NYTLawsuit#LegalTech

AI & Law

@ai_and_law · Post #369 · 07.08.2024 г., 07:04

AI Music Startups Defend Fair Use Amid Copyright Lawsuits AI music startups Suno and Udio are pushing back against copyright infringement lawsuits from major record labels, claiming their methods fall under fair use. They argue that their AI models, trained on copyrighted music, encourage innovation and competition within the industry. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) filed lawsuits in June, accusing Suno and Udio of massive unlicensed copying. The startups assert that using sound recordings to teach AI models new musical patterns aligns with copyright law's intent to foster new artistic expressions. They contend that their practices are akin to learning and not infringing. In defense, Suno likened their training approach to a child learning to create new music by listening to existing tracks. Both companies maintain that major labels misunderstand the technology and are attempting to stifle competition. The RIAA, however, argues that the startups have failed to obtain proper consent for using copyrighted works, threatening the livelihoods of original artists. #AI#CopyrightLaw#FairUse#LegalTech#AIandLaw#RIAA#ArtificialIntelligence

AI & Law

@ai_and_law · Post #653 · 09.09.2025 г., 07:04

🇺🇸Warner Bros. Joins the Fight: Copyright Lawsuit Against Midjourney Warner Bros. has filed a lawsuit against Midjourney, accusing the AI platform of willfully generating images and videos featuring its iconic characters, including Superman, Batman, Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, and Tom & Jerry. The studio alleges Midjourney removed safeguards that previously blocked users from creating IP-infringing videos, calling the company’s approach a “brazen” disregard for copyright law. The lawsuit mirrors recent actions by Disney and Universal, represented by the same legal team, asserting that AI-generated outputs closely resembling copyrighted characters violate intellectual property rights. Studios argue that Midjourney could maintain its service while enforcing guardrails to prevent infringement, while Midjourney’s lawyers accuse the companies of hypocrisy for opposing “industry standard” AI practices while seeking to benefit from AI’s potential. #AIRegulation#CopyrightLaw#AIandIP#WarnerBros#Midjourney#AIEthics#AICompliance