Почему я люблю языки с сильной системой типов, проверяемой статическим анализом кода — хорошо написанная программа является своей собственной спецификацией и позволяет выражать через язык программирования законы существования предметной области.
Когда-то давно я писал на ActionScript. Там была система типов, но вот десериализация JSON'ов по-умолчанию была в какой-то общий Object, к полям которого нужно было обращаться ["по_строковому_имени"]. В один момент мне потребовалось написать что-то на C#, который я совсем не знал, я стал гуглить, как десериализовать JSON, и с удивлением обнаружил кучу советов заранее объявить класс со всеми нужными полями и десериализовать в него.
"Какой ужас!", — подумал я тогда, — "Это же дико неудобно! А если я не знаю полей JSON? А если их много? Отвратительный язык!"
Теперь то я прекрасно понимаю, что JSON это контракт, и что правильная десериализация только такая и должна быть, и что в хорошем API в одном поле никогда не бывает данных принципиально разных типов, и так далее.
Нет, если вы набиваете вечерами пет-проект или сидите бессонную ночь на хакатоне, нет ничего плохого в том, чтобы взять простой язык с динамическими типами вроде JavaScript или Python, не требующий описывать данные. Но вот в энтерпрайзе, особенно когда над одним проектом работает много людей (а бывает это очень часто) — хорошее использование системы типов убережёт разработчиков от огромного количества ошибок, будет бить их по рукам, когда они пытаются сделать что-то не то, и будет подсказывать, когда они не уверены в чём-то.
С помощью статической типизации можно на уровне кода обозначить правила, по которым ведёт себя предметная область вашей программы в реальном мире. Разработчику не только будет сложно их нарушить, но он ещё и станет узнавать какие-то вещи, которые мог не знать раньше.
Например, если мы делаем медицинскую CRM, и больница заводит новых пациентов только тогда, когда знает их группу крови, мы можем объявить тип "Пациент" (или, если точнее, "Карта пациента") и запретить создавать экземпляры этого типа, не передав в конструктор группу крови (которая, в свою очередь, тоже является типом, вероятнее всего ValueObject'ом). Если новый программист пришёл в проект, он, во-первых, не сможет записать в БД некорректную карту пациента. Понятно, мы не учитываем случаи, когда новый программист переделывает модели предметной области — это будет хорошо видно на кодревью. А, во-вторых, даже если ему никто не сказал, что пациенты должны быть с группой крови, он узнает это из кода. И уже будет понимать, что в тех процессах реальной жизни, которые он описывает кодом, карта пациента создаётся только при наличии группы крови. А, значит, нужно искать какой-то способ сначала эту группу крови получить, и только потом создавать карту. Программирование моделирует реальный процесс.
В настоящей работе даже на языках с типами, конечно, без должного контроля можно написать что угодно. Нужна управленческая воля, компетентность руководства, понимание опасности техдолга, в идеале отдельные должности для архитекторов, опытные лиды и старшие разработчики. Но когда всё это есть, можно отсекать много проблем ещё на старте и проще погружать новичков.
#dev
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙 Russia's President Vladimir Putintook part in the plenary session of the 28th St Petersburg International Economic Forum.
President of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto, National Security Advisor, Commander of the Royal Guard of the Kingdom of Bahrain Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Vice Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China Ding Xuexiang, and Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa Paul Mashatile also attended the session.
Key statements:
💬 Despite a challenging international landscape, Russia’s GDP has been demonstrating an annual growth rate of over four percent over the past two years, which is above the global average.
• Commodities no longer play a defining role in Russia’s economic growth patterns. In 2023, Russia’s non-oil-and-gas GDP increased by 7.2 percent, followed by an additional 4.9 percent in 2024. These are solid figures exceeding the overall GDP growth rates.
• Our strategic vector is precisely to actively and consistently transform the structure of the national economy, step by step. We have achieved a great deal in this area, but it is clear that moving forward is critically important, especially in light of the dramatic changes taking place in the world.
• Annual inflation has already dropped to single-digit levels below ten percent. As of June 16, it stood at 9.6 percent. Of course, that is still high, but inflation targeting continues.
• Over the past four years, employment in Russia has grown by 2.4 million people. Since October last year, the national unemployment rate has stabilised at around 2.3 percent, reaching a historic low.
• In terms of youth unemployment, Russia ranks among the best globally, with a rate of approximately seven and a half percent.
For comparison, youth unemployment stands at around 16 percent in France and 11 percent in the United Kingdom.
• Russia’s economy must become more technologically advanced. We must fully unleash a new phase of the country’s technological development. The key instrument in this regard should be the national projects aimed at securing technological leadership.
Read in full
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙 Russia's President Vladimir Putintook part in the plenary session of the 28th St Petersburg International Economic Forum.
President of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto, National Security Advisor, Commander of the Royal Guard of the Kingdom of Bahrain Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Vice Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China Ding Xuexiang, and Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa Paul Mashatile also attended the session.
Key statements:
💬 Despite a challenging international landscape, Russia’s GDP has been demonstrating an annual growth rate of over four percent over the past two years, which is above the global average.
• Commodities no longer play a defining role in Russia’s economic growth patterns. In 2023, Russia’s non-oil-and-gas GDP increased by 7.2 percent, followed by an additional 4.9 percent in 2024. These are solid figures exceeding the overall GDP growth rates.
• Our strategic vector is precisely to actively and consistently transform the structure of the national economy, step by step. We have achieved a great deal in this area, but it is clear that moving forward is critically important, especially in light of the dramatic changes taking place in the world.
• Annual inflation has already dropped to single-digit levels below ten percent. As of June 16, it stood at 9.6 percent. Of course, that is still high, but inflation targeting continues.
• Over the past four years, employment in Russia has grown by 2.4 million people. Since October last year, the national unemployment rate has stabilised at around 2.3 percent, reaching a historic low.
• In terms of youth unemployment, Russia ranks among the best globally, with a rate of approximately seven and a half percent.
For comparison, youth unemployment stands at around 16 percent in France and 11 percent in the United Kingdom.
• Russia’s economy must become more technologically advanced. We must fully unleash a new phase of the country’s technological development. The key instrument in this regard should be the national projects aimed at securing technological leadership.
Read in full
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙 Russia's President Vladimir Putintook part in the plenary session of the 28th St Petersburg International Economic Forum.
President of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto, National Security Advisor, Commander of the Royal Guard of the Kingdom of Bahrain Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Vice Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China Ding Xuexiang, and Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa Paul Mashatile also attended the session.
Key statements:
💬 Despite a challenging international landscape, Russia’s GDP has been demonstrating an annual growth rate of over four percent over the past two years, which is above the global average.
• Commodities no longer play a defining role in Russia’s economic growth patterns. In 2023, Russia’s non-oil-and-gas GDP increased by 7.2 percent, followed by an additional 4.9 percent in 2024. These are solid figures exceeding the overall GDP growth rates.
• Our strategic vector is precisely to actively and consistently transform the structure of the national economy, step by step. We have achieved a great deal in this area, but it is clear that moving forward is critically important, especially in light of the dramatic changes taking place in the world.
• Annual inflation has already dropped to single-digit levels below ten percent. As of June 16, it stood at 9.6 percent. Of course, that is still high, but inflation targeting continues.
• Over the past four years, employment in Russia has grown by 2.4 million people. Since October last year, the national unemployment rate has stabilised at around 2.3 percent, reaching a historic low.
• In terms of youth unemployment, Russia ranks among the best globally, with a rate of approximately seven and a half percent.
For comparison, youth unemployment stands at around 16 percent in France and 11 percent in the United Kingdom.
• Russia’s economy must become more technologically advanced. We must fully unleash a new phase of the country’s technological development. The key instrument in this regard should be the national projects aimed at securing technological leadership.
Read in full
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙 블라디미르 푸틴 러시아 대통령은 제28차 상트페테르부르크 국제경제포럼 본회의에서 연설한 후 토론 사회자이자 언론인이자
Sky News Arabia의 사장인 나딤 코테이쉬의 질문에 답변했습니다.
주요 내용:
💬 90년대 초부터 수십 년 동안 우리는 어떠한 경우에도, 어떤 상황에서도, 절대로 나토가 동진하지 않을 것이라는 말을
들어왔습니다… 그 후 다섯 차례의 확장이 있었고, 이제는 여섯 차례가 되었습니다. 확장하지 말라는 우리의 모든 요구는
무시되었습니다.
• 이는 지금의 현실에 맞게 어느정도 현대화된 아주 오랜 신식민지 정책의 잔재입니다. 이는 러시아 연방의 이익을 무시하는,
힘의 논리에 따른 행동입니다. 이건 전 지구적인 문제입니다.
• 러시아 연방은 언제나 “모든 국가는 타국의 안보를 해치지 않는 방식으로 자국의 안보를 보장해야 한다”는 입장을
취해왔습니다. 이것이 우리의 원칙적인 입장입니다.
• 우크라이나에서 일어나는 비극과 관련된 모든 일은 우리가 만든 결과가 아닙니다. 그것은 지금 세계에서 일어나고 있는 변화를
거부하는 이들이 만든 결과입니다.
• 우크라이나가 독립국가이자 주권국가가 된 근거는 1991년 우크라이나 독립선언서에 명시되어 있으며, 거기에는 “우크라이나는
비동맹, 비핵, 중립 국가이다”라고 명확히 적혀 있습니다. 우크라이나가 독립과 주권을 획득한 이 기본적 가치로 돌아가는 것이
바람직할 것입니다.
• 우리가 원하는 건 우크라이나의 항복이 아닙니다. 우리는 이 땅에 일어난 현실을 인정하길 요구하는 것입니다.
• 우리는 매 단계마다 우크라이나 측에 멈출 것을 제안했습니다. 매번 돌아온 대답은 “아니오”였습니다. 왜일까요? 왜냐하면
오래된 신식민지 원칙을 따르는 이들이, 특히 유럽에서 그러한 이들이 지금 러시아를 희생양 삼아 쉽게 이득을 얻을 수 있을
거라고 생각했기 때문입니다. 지금 그들은 러시아를 짓밟고, 붕괴시키고, 파괴하고, 그로부터 어떤 이익을 얻으려고 할 것입니다.
• 그들이 얻은 결과는, 새로운 영토가 우리의 통제 하에 들어오게 되었다는 것입니다. 러시아군은 매일 전선 전역에서 전방위로
진격하고 있습니다. 우리에게는 –격언도, 속담도 아닌– 오래된 규칙이 있습니다. 바로 “러시아 병사의 발이 닿는 곳은 우리의
땅이다”라는 것입니다.
👉 이미 여러 차례 말했듯이 나는 러시아인과 우크라이나인은 하나의 민족이라고 생각합니다. 그런 의미에서, 우크라이나는 전부 우리의 것입니다.
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙Discurso del Presidente de Rusia, Vladímir Putin, durante la sesión plenaria del 28º Foro Económico Internacional de San Petersburgo(20 de junio de 2025)
En la sesión también participaron el Presidente de la República de Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto, el Asesor de Seguridad Nacional y Comandante de la Guardia Real del Reino de Baréin, Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalif, el Viceprimer Ministro del Consejo de Estado de la República Popular China, Ding Xuexiang, y el Vicepresidente de la República de Sudáfrica, Paul Mashatile.
Puntos clave:
💬 A pesar del complejo contexto externo, el PIB de Rusia ha crecido más del 4% anual en los últimos dos años, superando así el promedio mundial.
• La contribución del sector de materias primas ya no es determinante en la dinámica económica. El crecimiento del PIB no relacionado con petróleo y gas fue del 7,2% en 2023 y del 4,9% en 2024. Son cifras sólidas, incluso más sustantivos que el crecimiento del PIB total.
• Nuestra estrategia es transformar activamente la estructura de la economía nacional. Hemos logrado mucho, pero es crucial seguir avanzando, especialmente ante los profundos cambios en el mundo.
• La inflación anual ya ha bajado a niveles de un solo dígito: para el 16 de junio se situaba en el 9,6%. Aún es alta, pero sigue la labor para de reducirla.
• En los últimos cuatro años, el número de personas empleadas en Rusia aumentó en 2,4 millones. Desde octubre del año pasado, la tasa de desempleo se ha estabilizado en torno al 2,3%, alcanzando un mínimo histórico.
• El empleo juvenil está en aumento. Rusia se encuentra entre los países con menor desempleo juvenil, con una tasa cercana al 7,5%. A modo de comparación: en países como Francia y el Reino Unido es aproximadamente del 16% y 11% respectivamente.
• La economía rusa debe volverse más tecnológica. Se avecina una nueva etapa de desarrollo tecnológico a gran escala, cuyo principal motor serán los proyectos nacionales orientados al liderazgo tecnológico.
LEER POR COMPLETO (en inglés)
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙 Russia's President Vladimir Putintook part in the plenary session of the 28th St Petersburg International Economic Forum.
President of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto, National Security Advisor, Commander of the Royal Guard of the Kingdom of Bahrain Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Vice Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China Ding Xuexiang, and Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa Paul Mashatile also attended the session.
Key statements:
💬 Despite a challenging international landscape, Russia’s GDP has been demonstrating an annual growth rate of over four percent over the past two years, which is above the global average.
• Commodities no longer play a defining role in Russia’s economic growth patterns. In 2023, Russia’s non-oil-and-gas GDP increased by 7.2 percent, followed by an additional 4.9 percent in 2024. These are solid figures exceeding the overall GDP growth rates.
• Our strategic vector is precisely to actively and consistently transform the structure of the national economy, step by step. We have achieved a great deal in this area, but it is clear that moving forward is critically important, especially in light of the dramatic changes taking place in the world.
• Annual inflation has already dropped to single-digit levels below ten percent. As of June 16, it stood at 9.6 percent. Of course, that is still high, but inflation targeting continues.
• Over the past four years, employment in Russia has grown by 2.4 million people. Since October last year, the national unemployment rate has stabilised at around 2.3 percent, reaching a historic low.
• In terms of youth unemployment, Russia ranks among the best globally, with a rate of approximately seven and a half percent.
For comparison, youth unemployment stands at around 16 percent in France and 11 percent in the United Kingdom.
• Russia’s economy must become more technologically advanced. We must fully unleash a new phase of the country’s technological development. The key instrument in this regard should be the national projects aimed at securing technological leadership.
Read in full
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙 Russia's President Vladimir Putintook part in the plenary session of the 28th St Petersburg International Economic Forum.
President of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto, National Security Advisor, Commander of the Royal Guard of the Kingdom of Bahrain Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Vice Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China Ding Xuexiang, and Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa Paul Mashatile also attended the session.
Key statements:
💬 Despite a challenging international landscape, Russia’s GDP has been demonstrating an annual growth rate of over four percent over the past two years, which is above the global average.
• Commodities no longer play a defining role in Russia’s economic growth patterns. In 2023, Russia’s non-oil-and-gas GDP increased by 7.2 percent, followed by an additional 4.9 percent in 2024. These are solid figures exceeding the overall GDP growth rates.
• Our strategic vector is precisely to actively and consistently transform the structure of the national economy, step by step. We have achieved a great deal in this area, but it is clear that moving forward is critically important, especially in light of the dramatic changes taking place in the world.
• Annual inflation has already dropped to single-digit levels below ten percent. As of June 16, it stood at 9.6 percent. Of course, that is still high, but inflation targeting continues.
• Over the past four years, employment in Russia has grown by 2.4 million people. Since October last year, the national unemployment rate has stabilised at around 2.3 percent, reaching a historic low.
• In terms of youth unemployment, Russia ranks among the best globally, with a rate of approximately seven and a half percent.
For comparison, youth unemployment stands at around 16 percent in France and 11 percent in the United Kingdom.
• Russia’s economy must become more technologically advanced. We must fully unleash a new phase of the country’s technological development. The key instrument in this regard should be the national projects aimed at securing technological leadership.
Read in full
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙 Russia's President Vladimir Putintook part in the plenary session of the 28th St Petersburg International Economic Forum.
President of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto, National Security Advisor, Commander of the Royal Guard of the Kingdom of Bahrain Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Vice Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China Ding Xuexiang, and Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa Paul Mashatile also attended the session.
Key statements:
💬 Despite a challenging international landscape, Russia’s GDP has been demonstrating an annual growth rate of over four percent over the past two years, which is above the global average.
• Commodities no longer play a defining role in Russia’s economic growth patterns. In 2023, Russia’s non-oil-and-gas GDP increased by 7.2 percent, followed by an additional 4.9 percent in 2024. These are solid figures exceeding the overall GDP growth rates.
• Our strategic vector is precisely to actively and consistently transform the structure of the national economy, step by step. We have achieved a great deal in this area, but it is clear that moving forward is critically important, especially in light of the dramatic changes taking place in the world.
• Annual inflation has already dropped to single-digit levels below ten percent. As of June 16, it stood at 9.6 percent. Of course, that is still high, but inflation targeting continues.
• Over the past four years, employment in Russia has grown by 2.4 million people. Since October last year, the national unemployment rate has stabilised at around 2.3 percent, reaching a historic low.
• In terms of youth unemployment, Russia ranks among the best globally, with a rate of approximately seven and a half percent.
For comparison, youth unemployment stands at around 16 percent in France and 11 percent in the United Kingdom.
• Russia’s economy must become more technologically advanced. We must fully unleash a new phase of the country’s technological development. The key instrument in this regard should be the national projects aimed at securing technological leadership.
Read in full
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙Discurso del Presidente de Rusia, Vladímir Putin, durante la sesión plenaria del 28º Foro Económico Internacional de San Petersburgo(20 de junio de 2025)
En la sesión también participaron el Presidente de la República de Indonesia, Prabowo Subianto, el Asesor de Seguridad Nacional y Comandante de la Guardia Real del Reino de Baréin, Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalif, el Viceprimer Ministro del Consejo de Estado de la República Popular China, Ding Xuexiang, y el Vicepresidente de la República de Sudáfrica, Paul Mashatile.
Puntos clave:
💬 A pesar del complejo contexto externo, el PIB de Rusia ha crecido más del 4% anual en los últimos dos años, superando así el promedio mundial.
• La contribución del sector de materias primas ya no es determinante en la dinámica económica. El crecimiento del PIB no relacionado con petróleo y gas fue del 7,2% en 2023 y del 4,9% en 2024. Son cifras sólidas, incluso más sustantivos que el crecimiento del PIB total.
• Nuestra estrategia es transformar activamente la estructura de la economía nacional. Hemos logrado mucho, pero es crucial seguir avanzando, especialmente ante los profundos cambios en el mundo.
• La inflación anual ya ha bajado a niveles de un solo dígito: para el 16 de junio se situaba en el 9,6%. Aún es alta, pero sigue la labor para de reducirla.
• En los últimos cuatro años, el número de personas empleadas en Rusia aumentó en 2,4 millones. Desde octubre del año pasado, la tasa de desempleo se ha estabilizado en torno al 2,3%, alcanzando un mínimo histórico.
• El empleo juvenil está en aumento. Rusia se encuentra entre los países con menor desempleo juvenil, con una tasa cercana al 7,5%. A modo de comparación: en países como Francia y el Reino Unido es aproximadamente del 16% y 11% respectivamente.
• La economía rusa debe volverse más tecnológica. Se avecina una nueva etapa de desarrollo tecnológico a gran escala, cuyo principal motor serán los proyectos nacionales orientados al liderazgo tecnológico.
LEER POR COMPLETO (en inglés)
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙 Russia's President Vladimir Putintook part in the plenary session of the 28th St Petersburg International Economic Forum.
President of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto, National Security Advisor, Commander of the Royal Guard of the Kingdom of Bahrain Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Vice Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China Ding Xuexiang, and Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa Paul Mashatile also attended the session.
Key statements:
💬 Despite a challenging international landscape, Russia’s GDP has been demonstrating an annual growth rate of over four percent over the past two years, which is above the global average.
• Commodities no longer play a defining role in Russia’s economic growth patterns. In 2023, Russia’s non-oil-and-gas GDP increased by 7.2 percent, followed by an additional 4.9 percent in 2024. These are solid figures exceeding the overall GDP growth rates.
• Our strategic vector is precisely to actively and consistently transform the structure of the national economy, step by step. We have achieved a great deal in this area, but it is clear that moving forward is critically important, especially in light of the dramatic changes taking place in the world.
• Annual inflation has already dropped to single-digit levels below ten percent. As of June 16, it stood at 9.6 percent. Of course, that is still high, but inflation targeting continues.
• Over the past four years, employment in Russia has grown by 2.4 million people. Since October last year, the national unemployment rate has stabilised at around 2.3 percent, reaching a historic low.
• In terms of youth unemployment, Russia ranks among the best globally, with a rate of approximately seven and a half percent.
For comparison, youth unemployment stands at around 16 percent in France and 11 percent in the United Kingdom.
• Russia’s economy must become more technologically advanced. We must fully unleash a new phase of the country’s technological development. The key instrument in this regard should be the national projects aimed at securing technological leadership.
Read in full
#SPIEF2025📊📊📊📊
🎙 Russia's President Vladimir Putintook part in the plenary session of the 28th St Petersburg International Economic Forum.
President of the Republic of Indonesia Prabowo Subianto, National Security Advisor, Commander of the Royal Guard of the Kingdom of Bahrain Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa, Vice Premier of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China Ding Xuexiang, and Deputy President of the Republic of South Africa Paul Mashatile also attended the session.
Key statements:
💬 Despite a challenging international landscape, Russia’s GDP has been demonstrating an annual growth rate of over four percent over the past two years, which is above the global average.
• Commodities no longer play a defining role in Russia’s economic growth patterns. In 2023, Russia’s non-oil-and-gas GDP increased by 7.2 percent, followed by an additional 4.9 percent in 2024. These are solid figures exceeding the overall GDP growth rates.
• Our strategic vector is precisely to actively and consistently transform the structure of the national economy, step by step. We have achieved a great deal in this area, but it is clear that moving forward is critically important, especially in light of the dramatic changes taking place in the world.
• Annual inflation has already dropped to single-digit levels below ten percent. As of June 16, it stood at 9.6 percent. Of course, that is still high, but inflation targeting continues.
• Over the past four years, employment in Russia has grown by 2.4 million people. Since October last year, the national unemployment rate has stabilised at around 2.3 percent, reaching a historic low.
• In terms of youth unemployment, Russia ranks among the best globally, with a rate of approximately seven and a half percent.
For comparison, youth unemployment stands at around 16 percent in France and 11 percent in the United Kingdom.
• Russia’s economy must become more technologically advanced. We must fully unleash a new phase of the country’s technological development. The key instrument in this regard should be the national projects aimed at securing technological leadership.
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