Почему я люблю языки с сильной системой типов, проверяемой статическим анализом кода — хорошо написанная программа является своей собственной спецификацией и позволяет выражать через язык программирования законы существования предметной области.
Когда-то давно я писал на ActionScript. Там была система типов, но вот десериализация JSON'ов по-умолчанию была в какой-то общий Object, к полям которого нужно было обращаться ["по_строковому_имени"]. В один момент мне потребовалось написать что-то на C#, который я совсем не знал, я стал гуглить, как десериализовать JSON, и с удивлением обнаружил кучу советов заранее объявить класс со всеми нужными полями и десериализовать в него.
"Какой ужас!", — подумал я тогда, — "Это же дико неудобно! А если я не знаю полей JSON? А если их много? Отвратительный язык!"
Теперь то я прекрасно понимаю, что JSON это контракт, и что правильная десериализация только такая и должна быть, и что в хорошем API в одном поле никогда не бывает данных принципиально разных типов, и так далее.
Нет, если вы набиваете вечерами пет-проект или сидите бессонную ночь на хакатоне, нет ничего плохого в том, чтобы взять простой язык с динамическими типами вроде JavaScript или Python, не требующий описывать данные. Но вот в энтерпрайзе, особенно когда над одним проектом работает много людей (а бывает это очень часто) — хорошее использование системы типов убережёт разработчиков от огромного количества ошибок, будет бить их по рукам, когда они пытаются сделать что-то не то, и будет подсказывать, когда они не уверены в чём-то.
С помощью статической типизации можно на уровне кода обозначить правила, по которым ведёт себя предметная область вашей программы в реальном мире. Разработчику не только будет сложно их нарушить, но он ещё и станет узнавать какие-то вещи, которые мог не знать раньше.
Например, если мы делаем медицинскую CRM, и больница заводит новых пациентов только тогда, когда знает их группу крови, мы можем объявить тип "Пациент" (или, если точнее, "Карта пациента") и запретить создавать экземпляры этого типа, не передав в конструктор группу крови (которая, в свою очередь, тоже является типом, вероятнее всего ValueObject'ом). Если новый программист пришёл в проект, он, во-первых, не сможет записать в БД некорректную карту пациента. Понятно, мы не учитываем случаи, когда новый программист переделывает модели предметной области — это будет хорошо видно на кодревью. А, во-вторых, даже если ему никто не сказал, что пациенты должны быть с группой крови, он узнает это из кода. И уже будет понимать, что в тех процессах реальной жизни, которые он описывает кодом, карта пациента создаётся только при наличии группы крови. А, значит, нужно искать какой-то способ сначала эту группу крови получить, и только потом создавать карту. Программирование моделирует реальный процесс.
В настоящей работе даже на языках с типами, конечно, без должного контроля можно написать что угодно. Нужна управленческая воля, компетентность руководства, понимание опасности техдолга, в идеале отдельные должности для архитекторов, опытные лиды и старшие разработчики. Но когда всё это есть, можно отсекать много проблем ещё на старте и проще погружать новичков.
#dev
News: #Ethiopia says #WTO accession talks at ‘decisive juncture’ despite planned completion of March 2026 accession
The latest meeting marks the seventh round of Working Party discussions, underscoring renewed momentum in one of Africa’s longest-running accession processes.
Last year in March, Ethiopia announced a “positive outcome” from the negotiations, advancing the government’s plan to complete its accession process by March 2026.
https://addisstandard.com/?p=56652
News: #WTO membership could boost #Ethiopia’s economy, even as the trade group faces crisis
Ethiopia is set to advance its long-standing bid to join the World Trade Organization this year, a move officials and analysts say could help strengthen the country’s economy through deeper integration into the global trading system, even as the WTO itself faces mounting challenges.
According to a report by Reuters, Ethiopia is expected to hold accession talks with the WTO in April as part of a process that has spanned more than two decades. The country’s potential entry comes amid broader economic reforms aimed at stabilizing an economy grappling with foreign currency shortages, inflation, and a sovereign debt default in 2023.
Analysts say WTO membership could help lock in ongoing policy reforms and improve investor confidence by anchoring Ethiopia within a rules-based international trade framework.
Read more: https://addisstandard.com/?p=56261
#konferensiya#wto
Davlat va huquq instituti hamda Bojxona instituti o‘rtasidagi “O‘zaro hamkorlik to‘g‘risida kelishuv”ga (2021-yil 15-noyabr) asosan 2024-yil 28-noyabr kuni Bojxona institida “Jahon savdo tashkiloti va O‘zbekiston qonunchiligi” mavzusida respublika ilmiy-amaliy konferensiyasi o‘tkazildi.
Konferensiyani kirish so‘zlari bilan Bojxona instituti boshlig‘i v.v.b., Turon fanlar akademiyasi akademigi, bojxona xizmati polkovnigi M.A.Xamraev hamda Davlat va huquq instituti direktori, yuridik fanlar doktori, professor M.T.Turg‘unov ochib, anjuman ishiga muvaffaqiyat tiladilar.
Batafsil▶️
📣Бизни ижтимоий тармоқларда кузатинг!
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News: Trade minister, #EU envoy discuss #WTO accession, bilateral trade cooperation
#Ethiopia’s Minister of Trade and Regional Integration, Kasahun Gofe (PhD), held talks with European Union Ambassador to Ethiopia Sophie From-Emmesberger on bilateral trade cooperation, including Ethiopia’s bid to join the World Trade Organization (WTO) and ongoing market access negotiations, the ministry said.
According to the Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration, discussions focused on strengthening Ethiopia-EU trade ties and advancing negotiations related to Ethiopia’s WTO accession process.
Minister Kasahun said the ambassador expressed the European Union’s support for Ethiopia’s goal of completing its WTO accession by 2026, adding that both sides explored ways to conclude bilateral market access negotiations within a short timeframe.
The meeting also addressed implementation of the Eco......
https://web.facebook.com/AddisstandardEng/posts/pfbid02y9bWtCFrPAY5bFwnW1Mst4sf3YNJworGceQNKUxPQuHigRSfWVh5T8gwaxHXVaKBl
News: #Ethiopia, #Japan discuss investment and WTO accession as UN confirms $10.5m Japanese support for aid and development
Ethiopian officials held a series of high-level talks with a Japanese public-private delegation on investment, trade, and World Trade Organization (#WTO) accession, as the United Nations confirmed a $10.5 million contribution from Japan to support humanitarian and development programs in Ethiopia.
The Japanese delegation, led by State Minister for Foreign Affairs Ayano Kunimitsu (PhD), is currently on an official visit to Ethiopia and has held discussions with the Minister of Finance, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the Minister of Trade and Regional Integration, according to government statements.
During talks with Finance Minister Ahmed Shide, Ethiopian officials briefed the delegation—comprising representatives of about 40 Japanese...
https://web.facebook.com/AddisstandardEng/posts/pfbid0iaBhXdSoQRFexn9euRaEuWZBfL7JWbj8A8ak6X7RBq4NuXf5resJ8nAnE3SdFA24l
🌍Jahon savdo tashkilotining Xizmatlar savdosi bo‘yicha Bosh kelishuvga bag‘ishlangan Milliy seminari bo‘lib o‘tdi.
🔍Batafsil
🇺🇸ENG
🇷🇺RU
#GraduateSchool#Seminar#WTO#TradeinServices
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⚡️Россия уведомила ВТО о внесении изменений в перечень своих специфических обязательств в соответствии с достигнутыми договоренностями в рамках Декларации ВТО по внутреннему регулированию в услугах!
В декабре 2021 года группа членов ВТО приняла Министерскую декларацию о внутреннем регулировании в услугах, согласно которой, члены ВТО должны в течение года инкорпорировать дисциплины в свои обязательства через внесение в перечни специфических обязательств соответствующей отсылки к тексту разработанных дисциплин.
Спешим сообщить, что в пятницу, 20 января, Россия исполнила данное обязательство 🥳
#wto#domesticregulation#servicestrade
#ilmiy_nashr#jst#wto
Ilmiy yondashuv: «JST – kecha va bugun»
2024-yilda Fanlar akademiyasi Davlat va huquq institutida «Jahon Savdo Tashkiloti: kecha va bugun» nomli ilmiy monografiya nashr etildi. Unda JSTning huquqiy asoslari, O‘zbekiston qonunchiligini ularga moslashtirish jarayoni, raqamli iqtisodiyotdagi huquqiy kafolatlar keng yoritilgan.
📎Batafsil
📣Bizni ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda kuzating!
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⚡️Press release on Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov’s upcoming participation in the G20 Summit
On November 18-19, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, will host the #G20 Leaders’ Summit. The Russian delegation will be led by Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov at the instruction of the head of state. A majority of the G20 member states’ leaders are expected to take part.
Brasilia regards the G20 as a core element of the polycentric system of international economic relations, distinguished by an effective decision-making mechanism due to its optimal number of members as well as the principle of consensus. The theme of Brazil’s first ever presidency of the forum is “Building a Just World and a Sustainable Planet.”
At the summit, the partners expect to reach consensus agreements, with the process viewed through the prism of the country’s international prestige. A leadership declaration (a non-signature document approved in the absence of objections from the parties) is expected to be the summit’s major practical outcome. <...>
Russia has been actively engaged in developing and coordinating the organisational and substantive aspects of the Brazilian project, having already added advanced domestic solutions on food security and poverty eradication into the database.
The summit in Rio de Janeiro will open with the launch ceremony of the Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty. Russia’s planned official connection to this platform will give it another opportunity to raise issues relevant to the global majority at the international level, in particular, counteracting illegal unilateral sanctions and promoting domestic experience. <...>
Russia plays a prominent role in the G20, efficiently influencing the course and direction of negotiations, as well as the content of agreements. Moscow views the platform as an essential forum for global economic governance.
The G20 is extensively used to promote Russia’s ideas on the importance of building an open and non-discriminatory global economy, and abandoning unilateral restrictive measures, trade wars and protectionism. Efforts are taken to draw attention to the long-overdue reform of the global governance architecture to benefit emerging markets, with the focus on ending the dominance of Western powers in international financial, economic and trade institutions, de-dollarisation, and increasing the share of settlements in national currencies.
<...>
Russia has consistently advocated the essential need to depoliticise the G20, which should focus on its direct responsibilities to encourage economic growth and sustainable development. The opponents’ attempts to bring peace and security issues beyond the group’s authority to the G20 agenda are counterproductive; this destructive policy hinders progress in core areas and causes increased division between the members.
❗️Russia views its priority in the G20 as achieving constructive agreements in the forum that consider all member nations’ interests based on consensus.
Moscow seeks a proper and balanced understanding of sustainable development goals with due account of the states’ national interests, takes efforts to effectively use the G20 to promote the democratisation of international financial and economic structures, particularly, the #IMF, #WorldBank and #WTO, and makes steps to diversify mutual settlement mechanisms and build independent trans-border supply chains.
#Outcomes2025
🎙Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov during his annual news conferenceon the Russian diplomacy outcomes in 2025(January 20, 2026)
💬Sergey Lavrov: We are witnessing tectonic shifts affecting the entire global order.
It is telling that the West, which over the past decade actively sought to oppose international law in its original, principled interpretation with its own concept of a so-called “rules-based world order”, has now largely dropped this term from its vocabulary.
All Western European countries are currently trying to make sense of what is happening in the world in the context of the course announced and pursued by the US President, a course that formally fits into the “rules-based order”. The difference is that these “rules” are no longer written by the “collective West”, but by its single representative. For Europe, this has come as a profound shock. We are observing the situation closely.
👉It is clear that the developments we are witnessing, as well as the actions announced by President Trump on the international stage, reflect an intensifying competitive struggle.
We have repeatedly spoken about recent trends in global economic development. China, operating within the very rules that the West – led by the US – laid down as the foundation of the globalization model promoted worldwide until recently, has outperformed its Western competitors in trade, the economy, investment and infrastructure projects. China's economic and financial indicators speak for themselves.
We see attempts to counter this situation through sanctions, tariffs and duties. The US seeks to negotiate, yet this is happening in the absence of any common criteria that until recently underpinned the work of the #IMF, the #WorldBank and the #WTO. All those rules on which a Western-friendly world order was supposed to be based have effectively been cast aside.
⚔️What is unfolding is a game of “might makes right”. We are all witnessing this.
We can discuss how conceptual approaches to world order are changing and how concrete processes are developing in the course of an interactive dialogue. However, the consequences of this line are felt not only by countries of the Global South and East – crisis tendencies are also accumulating within Western societies themselves.
Greenland is a clear example. It is on everyone’s lips, and the debates unfolding around it would have been difficult to imagine not so long ago – including discussions about the prospects for NATO’s continued existence as a unified Western military-political bloc.
As for Greenland, our position is simple: if Western countries choose to deal with one another “by mob rules”, that is their choice and their right.
🇷🇺 For our part, Russia will conduct relations with all our partners – both from the Global Majority and from among Western countries – who are genuinely interested in engaging with Russia and discussing concrete, mutually beneficial projects ☝️ on the basis of equality.
📺Watch the news conference in full
#Outcomes2025
🎙Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov during his annual news conferenceon the Russian diplomacy outcomes in 2025(January 20, 2026)
💬Sergey Lavrov: We are witnessing tectonic shifts affecting the entire global order.
It is telling that the West, which over the past decade actively sought to oppose international law in its original, principled interpretation with its own concept of a so-called “rules-based world order”, has now largely dropped this term from its vocabulary.
All Western European countries are currently trying to make sense of what is happening in the world in the context of the course announced and pursued by the US President, a course that formally fits into the “rules-based order”. The difference is that these “rules” are no longer written by the “collective West”, but by its single representative. For Europe, this has come as a profound shock. We are observing the situation closely.
👉It is clear that the developments we are witnessing, as well as the actions announced by President Trump on the international stage, reflect an intensifying competitive struggle.
We have repeatedly spoken about recent trends in global economic development. China, operating within the very rules that the West – led by the US – laid down as the foundation of the globalization model promoted worldwide until recently, has outperformed its Western competitors in trade, the economy, investment and infrastructure projects. China's economic and financial indicators speak for themselves.
We see attempts to counter this situation through sanctions, tariffs and duties. The US seeks to negotiate, yet this is happening in the absence of any common criteria that until recently underpinned the work of the #IMF, the #WorldBank and the #WTO. All those rules on which a Western-friendly world order was supposed to be based have effectively been cast aside.
⚔️What is unfolding is a game of “might makes right”. We are all witnessing this.
We can discuss how conceptual approaches to world order are changing and how concrete processes are developing in the course of an interactive dialogue. However, the consequences of this line are felt not only by countries of the Global South and East – crisis tendencies are also accumulating within Western societies themselves.
Greenland is a clear example. It is on everyone’s lips, and the debates unfolding around it would have been difficult to imagine not so long ago – including discussions about the prospects for NATO’s continued existence as a unified Western military-political bloc.
As for Greenland, our position is simple: if Western countries choose to deal with one another “by mob rules”, that is their choice and their right.
🇷🇺 For our part, Russia will conduct relations with all our partners – both from the Global Majority and from among Western countries – who are genuinely interested in engaging with Russia and discussing concrete, mutually beneficial projects ☝️ on the basis of equality.
📺Watch the news conference in full
Опубликован новый (64-й) выпуск дайджеста "Ключевые события международных партнеров РСПП". С предыдущими можно ознакомиться в соответствующем разделе сайта РСПП: http://рспп.рф/activity/cooperation/byulleteni/
В этом выпуске:
Федеральный союз германской промышленности; Финско-российская торговая палата; Конфедерация промышленников и работодателей Нидерландов; Греко-российская торговая палата; Болгарская торговая палата; Китайский Комитет содействия международной торговле; Всемирная торговая организация (ВТО); Евразийская экономическая комиссия (ЕЭК).
#РСПП#ВТО#WTO#EEC#ЕЭК