#Grammar
English Grammar Lesson:
Since vs For vs From vs Until
🔹SINCE – :Used with a point in time (when something started)
– I’ve lived here since 2010.
– She’s been waiting since morning.
– It hasn’t rained since last week.
🔹FOR – :Used with a duration (how long something lasts)
– I worked there for 5 years.
– He stayed for two hours.
– We’ve known each other *for* a long time.
🔹FROM –: Indicates a starting point in time or place
– The class runs from 9 AM to 11 AM.
– I’m traveling from Delhi to Mumbai.
– This offer is valid from July 1st.
🔹UNTIL – :Used to indicate the end of a time period
– Wait here until I return.
– She studied until midnight.
– The store is open until 10 PM.
Example Sentences:
🔹SINCE
- He has been ill since Monday.
- I haven’t seen her since college.
🔹FOR
- She lived in Paris for a year.
- We talked for hours.
🔹FROM
- I’ll be out from 5 PM.
- Open from Monday to Friday.
🔹UNTIL
- Don’t leave until the bell rings.
- He worked there until 2020.
"It is said that.../ He is said to".
etc., and "supposed to"
This👉👵 is Mary. She is very old, and nobody knows exactly how old she is. But: "It is said that she is 108 years old".
■"She is said to be 108 years old".
Both these sentences mean: "People say that she is 108 years old."
💢You can also use these structures with:
[thought, believed, expected, reported, alleged, understood, considered, known]
■"Mary is said to eat ten eggs a day". OR "It is said that Mary eats ten eggs a day.
■"It is believed that the wanted man is living in New York". OR "The wanted man is believed to be living in New York".
■"It is expected that the strike will begin tomorrow". OR "The strike is expected to begin tomorrow".
■It is alleged that he stole $100. OR "He was alleged to have stolen $100".
💢These structures are often used in news reports:
■"It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion". OR
"Two people are reported to have been killed in the explosion".
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💠Supposed to
Sometimes "(be) supposed to" means "said to":
■"Let's go and see that movie. It's supposed to be very good".(= It is said to be very good; people say that it's very good.)
■"He is supposed to have stolen $100". (= He is said to have stolen $100.)
💢But sometimes "supposed to" has a different meaning. You can use "supposed to" to say what is planned or arranged (and this is often different from what really happens):
■"l'd better hurry. It's nearly 8:00. I'm supposed to be meeting Ann at 8:15". (=Iarranged to meet Ann; I said I would meet Ann.)
■"The train was supposed to arrive at 11:30, but it was 40 minutes late".
(= The train should have arrived at 11:30, according to the schedule.)
■"You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?"
💢We use "not supposed to" to say what is not allowed or not advisable:
■"You're not supposed to park here".
(= You aren't allowed to park here.)
■"Mr. Jenkins is much better after his illness, but he's still not supposed to do any heavy work".
#grammar
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SOME SPECIAL PASSIVE STRUCTURES ARE:
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💠Some verbs can have two objects. For example, offer:
■"They didn't offer Ann the job". (the two objects are "Ann" and "the job")
💢So it is possible to make two different passive sentences:
■1. "Ann wasn't offered the job".
■2. "The job wasn't offered to Ann".
💢It is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person.
💢Other verbs like "offer" that can have two objects are:
[ask, tell, give, send, show, teach, pay]
Here are some examples of passive sentences with these verbs:
■"I was given two hours to make my decision". (= they gave me two hours)
■"The men were paid $1500 to do the job". (= someone paid the men $1500)
■"Have you been shown the new machine?" (= has anyone shown you the new machine?)
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💠Born: Remember that "be born" is a passive verb and is usually past:
■"Where were you born?" (not are you born) -simple past
■"I was born in Chicago". (not I am born) -simple past
■"How many babies are born in this hospital every day?" -simple present
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💠The passive -ing form is [being + V3]
■Active: "I don't like people telling me what to do".
■Passive: "I don't like being told what to do".
■ I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday". (= I remember someone giving me. . .)
■ "Hurry up! You know Mr. Miller hates being kept waiting". (= he hates people keeping him waiting)
■"She climbed over the wall without being seen". (= without anyone seeing her)
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💠Sometimes you can use "get" instead of "be" in the passive:
■"There was a fight at the party, but nobody got hurt". (= nobody was hurt)
■"Did Ann get fired from her new job?" (= was Ann fired from her new job?)
💢You can use "get" in the passive to say that something happens to someone or something. Often the action is not planned; it happens by chance:
■"The dog got run over by a car". (= the dog was run over)
💢 In other types of situation "get" is not usually possible:
■"George is liked by everyone". (not gets liked)
💢"Get" is used mainly in informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations.
#grammar
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THESE ARE THE MOST COMMON PASSIVE FORMS:
💠Present simple:
[Object+am/is/are + V3]
■Active: "Somebody cleans this room every day".
■Passive: "This room is cleaned every day".
■"Many accidents are caused by dangerous driving".
■"I'm not often invited to parties".
■"How many people are injured in car accidents every day?"
💠Past simple:
[Object+was/were + V3]
■Active: "Somebody cleaned this room yesterday".
■Passive: "This room was cleaned yesterday".
■"During the night we were all woken up by a loud explosion".
■"When was that castle built?"
■"The house wasn't damaged in the storm, but a tree was blown down".
💠Present continuous:
[Object+am/is/are being + V3]
■Active: "Somebody is cleaning the room right now".
■Passive: "The room is being cleaned right now".
■"Look at those old houses! They are being knocked down".
■(shop assistant to customer) "Are you being helped, ma'am?"
💠Past continuous:
[Object+was/were being + V3]
■Active: "Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived".
■Passive: "The room was being cleaned when I arrived".
■"Suddenly I heard footsteps behind me. We were being followed".
💠Present perfect:
[Object+have/has been + V3]
■Active: "The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it".
■Passive: "The room looks nice. It has been cleaned".
■"Have you heard the news? The President has been shot".
■Have you ever been bitten by a dog?"
■"I'm not going to the party. I haven't been invited".
💠Past perfect:
[Object+had been + V3]
■Active: "The room looked much better. Somebody had cleaned it".
■Passive: "The room looked much better. It had been cleaned".
■"Jim didn't know about the change of plans. He hadn't been told".
💠Model verbs: (will, can, must, etc.) and some other verbs (for example: have to, be going to, want to).
[Object+ model verb+ be+ V3]
■Active: "We can solve this problem.
■Passive: "This problem can be solved".
■"The new hotel will be opened next year".
■"George might be sent to Venezuela by his company in August".
■"The music at the party was very loud and could be heard from far away".
■"He was going to be killed last night".
■"This room is going to be painted next week".
■"Go away! I want to be left alone".
💠There is a past form after modal verbs:have been done / have been cleaned, etc.:
■Active: "Somebody should have cleaned the windows yesterday".
■Passive: The windows should have been cleaned yesterday".
■"My bicycle has disappeared. It must have been stolen".
■"She wouldn't have been injured if she had been wearing a seat belt".
■"The weather was terrible. The tennis match should have been canceled".
#grammar
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✴️Verbs that can be followed by either the "to-infinitive" or the "gerund"
➡️Some verbs can be followed by either the to-infinitive or the gerund, with some change in meaning.
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1⃣REMEMBER
■I rememberedto give her the message. (=I remembered first and then I gave her the message.)
■I remembergiving her the message.
(= I gave her the message and now I remember that I did that.)
2⃣FORGET
■I forgotto go to that meeting.(=I forgot and so I didn't go.)
■I forgetgoing to that meeting.
(=I forget now that I went.)
2⃣TRY
■I tried to open the door but it was locked. (=I tried to do it, but I couldn't. The attempt failed.)
■I couldn't open the door so I tried using a different key. (="Try doing something" suggests an experiment. I experimented with using a different key. The result may have been a success or a failure.)
3⃣REGRET
■I regret to say that your interview was not successful. (=am sory to say.. . "Regret" is quite formal here.)
■I really regret being so rude to her. (=The speaker looks back to an action that took place in the past. The regretting takes place now.)
4⃣STOP
■We stopped to have a cup of tea. (=The "to-infinitive" describes purpose. It introduces the reason why we stopped.)
■We stopped talking when she came in. (=Talking is what we were doing. That is what we stopped doing.)
5⃣GO ON
■After an unsuccessful first year at university, he went on to get a first-class degree. ,(= "go on + to-infinitive" = move to something different.)
■We went on talking all night. (= "go on + gerund" = continue doing the same thing)
6⃣LIKE/ DISLIKE / LOVE/ HATE
■I like going for a run before work. (=l enjoy the activity of going for a run before work. I may or may not do it regularly.)
■I like to go for a run before work. (=Describes a regular activity. I like it because I think it's a good idea. I may or may not enjoy the activity while I am actually doing it.)
7⃣BEGIN/ START/ CONTINUE
■He began/started/continued shouting.
■He began/started/continued to shout.
(=The meaning of these two sentences is very similar)
8⃣ADVISE/ ALLOW/ ENCOURAGE / FORBID / RECOMMEND
■They advised us to leave.
■They advised leaving.
(=These verbs are usually followed by an object [name of a person or a personal pronoun] + to-infinitive. But if they have no object, they take a gerund.)
9⃣NEED
■I need to get up early tomorrow. (=It is necessary for me to do it.
■The car needs cleaning.
("Need + gerund" has a passive meaning. Someone needs to clean the car: it doesn't matter who does it.)
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#grammar
@Learn_English_from_Zero_to_Hero
Explanation:
1⃣https://t.me/Learn_English_from_Zero_to_Hero/54614
2⃣https://t.me/Learn_English_from_Zero_to_Hero/54615
3⃣https://t.me/Learn_English_from_Zero_to_Hero/54616
#grammar
🛑#Grammarexercise
🛑#Grammar exercise
Choose the word that creates the most logical sentence.
🛑#Grammar exercise
Choose the part of the sentence that contains a grammatical error
🛑#Grammar exercise
Modifiers
Choose the part of the sentence that contains a grammatical error if there are no errors, choose no error
#grammar
@fluencyinenglish
fairly, quite, rather and pretty
1. Fairly
اگر شما به شخصی بگویید "fairly nice" یا
آنها "fairly clever" آنها از نوع انتخاب لغاتتان خوششان نخواهد آمد. زیرا که fairly قید قدرتمندی برای بیان صفت نیست و معنی نسبتا را می دهد.
“How was the film?” “Fairly good. Not the best one I’ve seen this year”
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فیلم روچطور دیدی؟
نسبتا خوب. ولی بهترین فیلمینبود که امسال دیدم.
2. Quite
Quite
مقداری از fairly قدرتمند تر است.
” How was the film?” “Quite good. You ought to go and watch it.”
فیلم روچطور دیدی؟
بسیار خوب بود. پیشنهاد می کنم ببینیش.
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همچنین Quite می تواند فعل را تغییر دهد.
It was a good party.
I quite enjoyed myself.
مهمونیخوبی بود. کاملا ازش لذت بردم.
3. Rather is stronger than quite. It can mean “more than is usual” , “more than was expected” or “more than is wanted
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قید rather از quite شدت تاکید بیشتری دارد.، وبه معنی بالاتر از انتظار و حد معمول و یا بالاتر از چیزی که می خواستیم است.
“How was the film?”
“Rather Good- I was surprised”
فیلم چطور بود؟
خیلی عالی بود. من که کلی متعجب شدم(دور از انتظار و یا بالاتر از سطح انتظار بیننده بود)
از rather برای تغییر فعل نیز بکار میبریم.
@fluencyinenglish
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I rather like gardening.
من به باغبانی بیشتر علاقهمندم.
4. Pretty is similar to rather. It is only used in informal English.
قید pretty همانند rather است، اما در زبان غیر رسمی مرسومیت بیشتری دارد.
“How are you feeling?” “Pretty Tired. I’m going to bed”
@fluencyinenglish
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چطوری؟
خیلی خسته ام و میرم بخوابم.
نکته:
هنگام استفاده از quite و rather، آنها را قبل از a و an به کار می بریم.
مثال:
It was quite a nice day.I’m reading rather an interesting book
@fluencyinenglish
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#grammar
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آشنایی با Gerund
Gerund و Infinitive اسامی ای هستند
که از افعال ساخته می شوند.لذا توصیه می شود جهت آشنایی با Gerund و Infinitive در انگلیسی ،ابتدا دیگر مباحث مربوط به آموزش گرامر در خصوص آشنایی با جمله و افعال مطالعه گردد.
💎Gerund💎
چیست؟
Gerund با تلفظ فارسی “جِرِند” به اسم
هایی گفته می شود که با اضافه کردن ing به مصدر و ریشه فعل بدست می آید و به همین دلیل به اینگونه اسم ها، اصطلاحا “اسم مصدر” یا “حاصل مصدر” گفته میشود،چون حاصل تغییرات روی مصدر فعل میباشد. در پایین تعدادی از این اسم ها همراه با افعال مربوطه آنها معرفی شده است. به عنوان مثال مصدر و ریشه فعل “یادگرفتن” در انگلیسی Learn می باشد که با اضافه کردن ing، اسم مصدر آن یعنی Learning بدست می آید:
(یادگیری) Learning ⇒ (یادگرفتن) Learn⊕
(خواندن) Reading ⇒ (خواندن) Read⊕
(مسافرت) Traveling ⇒ (سفر کردن) Travel⊕
(کار کردن) Working ⇒ (کار کردن) Work⊕
(شکار،شکار کردن) Hunting ⇒ (شکار کردن) Hunt⊕
Gerund یا همان اسم مصدر ، اگر چه از
لحاظ ظاهر به افعال شباهت دارد،اما همواره به عنوان یک اسم عمل می نماید.همانطور که در مبحث اجزای جمله در انگلیسی عنوان شد، یک اسم می تواند در جایگاه فاعل، مفعول یا متمم قرار بگیرد. بنابراین Gerundd نیز به خاطر اسم بودنش می تواند در نقش فاعل ،مفعول و یا متمم ظاهر شود.
1-Gerund
به عنوان فاعل (Subject) همانطور که در مثال های زیر ملاحظه مینمایید،Gerund ها با رنگ آبی و فاعل جملات با زیرخط نشان داده شده اند. دقت شود که در بعضی موقعیت ها خود اسم مصدر به تنهایی به عنوان فاعل جمله بکار می رود، همانند مثال های اول،دوم و سوم در پایین و همچنین میتواند در درون عبارتی قرار گیرد که کل آن عبارت ،فاعل جمله محسوب میگردد.مطابق با آنچه که در سه مثال آخر مشاهده میکنید. در مثال های زیر فعل اصلی جملات نیز با رنگ سیاه برجسته مشخص گردیده اند.به تفاوت بین فعل اصلی و Gerund دقت نمایید:
🔵Reading helps you learn English.
خواندن به شما کمک می کنه انگلیسی یاد بگیرید.
🔵Jogging and running are two hobbies of mine.
جاگینگ (آهسته دویدن) و دویدن (تند دویدن) دو تا از سرگرمی های من هستند.
🔵Flying makes me nervous.
پرواز (داخل هواپیما) منو عصبی می کنه.
🔵Brushing your teeth is important.
شستن دندانهایتان مهم است.
🔵Hunting tigers is dangerous.
شکار ببرها خطرناک است.
🔵In football, deliberately tripping an opponent is a foul.
در فوتبال پشت پا زدن عمدی حریف خطاست.
2-Gerund
به عنوان متمم (Complement) همانطور که در مثال های زیر مشاهده می کنید، Gerund ها با رنگ آبی و متمم ها که دربردارنده اسم مصدر هستند، با زیر خط نشان داده شده اند:
🔵Her favorite hobby is playing computer games.
سرگرمی مورد علاقه او بازی های کامپیوتری می باشد.
🔵Two important aspects of learning English are reading and writing.
دو تا از جنبه های یادگیری انگلیسی خواندن و نوشتن می باشند.
🔵One of his duties was attending meetings.
یکی از وظایف او شرکت در جلسه ها بود.
3-Gerund
به عنوان مفعول (Object) همانطور که در مثال های زیر مشاهده می کنید،Gerund ها با رنگ آبی و مفعول ها که دربردارنده اسم مصدر هستند، با زیر خط نشان داده شده اند:
🔵I enjoy reading.
من از خواندن لذت می برم.
🔵My mom likes shopping.
مامان من خرید کردن رو دوست داره.
🔵Jim quit smoking a year ago.
جیم یه سال پیش سیگار کشیدن رو ترک کرد.
🔵I like swimming in the river.
من شنا کردن تو رودخونه رو دوست دارم.
⊕شکل منفی Gerund با اضافه کردن not قبل از آن ها بدست می آید،همانگونه که در مثال های زیر مشاهده می کنید:
🔵Not drinking enough fresh water can be harmful for your health.
(به عنوان فاعل Gerund)
ننوشیدن آب تازه کافی می تونه برای سلامتی شما مضر باشه.
🔵He enjoyed not working.
(به عنوان مفعول Gerund)
او از کار نکردن لذت می بُرد.
🔵The best thing for your health is not smoking.
(به عنوان متمم Gerund)
بهترین چیز برای سلامتی شما سیگار نکشیدن است.
@fluencyinenglish