#stacy_writing#task1
Делюсь ещё одним заданием с мостами (прошлое можно посмотреть здесь: https://t.me/ielts_stacy_alexandrova/244)🤩Выделила полезную лексику
💛
The diagram shows the structures of three different kinds of bridges - an arch bridge, a concrete girder bridge and a suspension bridge. Overall, the type of bridge depends on the water body - a lake, a river or a sea - it is constructed over. The types of bridges differ in terms of their supporting structures, length and height, which in turn determine the size of vessels that can pass beneath them.
The arch bridge, typically built over lakes, is the shortest of all three, spanning no more than 200 meters. It features a curved, upward-convex design, with abutments on the banks to support the bridge deck. Due to the constraints of the arch structure and the absense of intermediate supports, its maximum height is also limited, reaching 100 meters. As a result, it can only allow for the passage of small ships.
Built over rivers, the concrete girder bridge is the only type that has a potentially unlimited extent - its total span is determined by is the number of piers supporting its structure. The piers are constructed at equal intervals and the distance between them usually does not exceed 200 meters, ensuring stability and load distribution. Taller than the arch bridge, with the maximum height of 300 meters, the concrete girder bridge can accommodate the passage of medium-sized ships.
The suspension bridge, constructed over seas, typically spans between 400 and 2000 meters in length. It is supported by only two piers, drilled into the sea bed, with cables draping over them and holding up the bridge deck. The bridge has unrestricted vertical clearance, a design that enables the passage of large ships.
#stacy_writing#task1
На этой неделе писала вот такой процесс 🤩Ну что сказать - лучше такие задания делать дома заранее, чем в первый раз увидеть на экзамене 🤩Согласны?
The diagram shows the design of a modern landfill and the process of household waste management.
Overall, the process incorporates three main stages: the preparation of a cavity for household waste collection, the disposal of waste and eventual landfill closure. Notably, the design of the landfill prevents the contamination of the environment through effective insulation.
During the construction stage, a hole is excavated into the natural rock layer, with a deepened sump for a drainage tank. The hole is then lined with two protective layers - an outer clay lining and an inner synthetic one - which contain the waste, preventing environmental contamination. On top of the synthetic layer, drainage pipes are installed at the bottom of the cavity. These later serve to channel the liquid accumulated inside the landfill toward the drainage tank.
In the operational stage, household waste is delivered to the landfill by dumper trucks and deposited into the excavated hole. When liquid from the waste - a result of waste degradation - percolates down, it is collected in the pipes and redirected to the drainage tank to prevent pooling.
Once full, the cavity is sealed off with a clay cover on top. To prevent the build-up of potentially explosive gases produced by decomposing waste and allow for their safe collection, a pipe is placed in the pit, penetrating the clay cover.
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The bar char shows the percentage of survey respondents interested in six different kinds of sport between 1995 and 2005.
Overall, the popularity of three kinds of sport (football, swimming and rugby) increased, while that of the other three (snooker, tennis and golf) experienced a decline. Football was by far the most popular sport, distantly followed by the rest, which attracted relatively similar levels of interest.
The proportions of those showing interest in football, rugby and swimming grew. Football consistently ranked first, with the share of football fans steadily increasing from roughly 45% to 50%. Rugby and swimming trailed behind in terms of popularity. Of these two, the former was slightly more favoured: starting at about 28%, the share of people interested in it dropped by about 3% in 2000, eventually bouncing back and reaching 30% in 2005. In contrast, the latter sport initially recorded interest of about a quarter of respondents, with the figure rising to 30% in 2000 only to drop to about 28% in the final year.
Snooker, golf and tennis declined in popularity. The first two witnessed similar patterns: starting at about 30% and 27% respectively, they experienced dips to 22% and 24% in 2000, before recovering partially to approximately 25% each. By comparison, tennis saw a steady decrease, with the figure dropping from about 27% in 1995 to 22% in the final year.
P.S. Некоторых пугают горизонтальные столбики, когда они видят их в первый раз. На самом деле, все тоже самое надо делать, что и с вертикальными :) никаких отличий
#stacy_writing#task1
I'm slowly getting back to writing and experimenting after the winter break ☺️⬇️Are you?
The bar chart shows changes in the percentage of Americans living alone across five age groups from 1850 to 2000.
Overall, while at the beginning of the given period only those 37+ lived on their own, with time younger adults also started doing so. The proportion of Americans living alone witnessed an upward trend in all the five age cohorts, with the oldest group recording the most substantial growth. Of particular note is the fact that the older people were, the more likely they were to live alone.
Only individuals in the three oldest age groups (37-46, 47-54 and 55-64) lived on their own in 1850. The percentage of 55-64-year-old Americans was consistently the largest, hovering around a mere 3% in both 1850 and 1900, before skyrocketing to roughly 17% by the final year. The other two age brackets recorded lower figures and saw more modest growth. As of 2000, the proportions of those aged 47-54 and 37-46 accounted for 13% and 7% respectively, up from roughly 2-3% each between 1850 and 1950.
The two youngest groups began living alone later: those aged 27–36 from 1900, and those aged 17–26 from 1950. Starting at just over 2%, the percentage of those aged 27 to 36 quadrupled by the end of the period. The proportion of 17-26-year-olds also started at a similar level, at 2%, rising to about 5% in the final year.
The diagram shows two road tunnels, A and B, situated in two Australian cities.
Overall, the older of the two, tunnel A runs beneath a water body, connecting two banks, while tunnel B is located under a road. Although the former was less expensive to built, it is shorter, has smaller traffic capacity and is not as deep as the latter.
The construction of Tunnel A took five years, from 1987 to 1992, with overall expenses amounting to $556 million. The tunnel is situated 25 meters below ground, spanning 2.2 km in length. Bored underwater, it is insulated by a layer of stone and sand. Inside the cross section of the tunnel are two twin tubes, each designed for two lanes of traffic: one for freight cars and one for passenger cars.
Tunnel B was built in a shorter period of three years (2004-2007) at a cost of $1.1 billion - approximately double that of Tunnel A. Laid under a surface road, it is both deeper (35 meters) and and longer (3.6 kilometers). The cross section of tunnel B also features two twin tubes, but they are wider than those of tunnel A, each accommodating 3 lanes of traffic, including one additional lane for passenger cars.
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Оочень давно не делилась своими письменными работами. Исправляюсь ✅
The line graph shows the changes in the UK’s birth rate for women in six different age groups between 1973 and 2008. The data is given in the number of births per 1,000 female population.
Overall, natality declined among women from four age groups: the youngest three and the oldest one. In contrast, the birth rate among those aged 30-35 and 35-39 increased. The largest number of births was given by women in their twenties, while the lowest by those 40+.
The highest birth rates (over 70 births) were recorded among women aged between 20 and 35. In 1973, the 25-29 and 20-25 age groups were the absolute leaders, with 140 and about 127 births, respectively. The number of births by those from the former group fluctuated in the middle of the period, finishing at 120. In the latter group, the decline was steady and more significant: the figure dropped to approximately 90 in the final year. The number of births among those aged 30-35, while being significantly lower than in the other two groups at the beginning (at about 70), saw an increase, reaching just under 90 - a figure similar to that among 20-25-year-olds.
The birth rates were lower (less than 70 births) for women under 20 as well as those aged 35-39 and 40+. In 1973, the youngest age group recorded 60 births, a number which shrunk by a third by the end of the period. The opposite was observed in the 25-39 age bracket: initially standing at 40 births, the rate grew by just over a third. As a result, these age groups swapped rankings. The lowest number of births was given by women aged forty and over, with a starting figure of 20 that decreased to a mere 10 in the final year.
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✍Динамический график: future projections
The charts show what energy sources were used in Australia in 2008, with projections for 2030.
Overall, most energy sources are predicted to increase in usage, with the exception of coal, which will become less popular. While fossil fuels will continue to be the predominant energy sources, their ranking is set to change, with oil overtaking coal. Renewable sources will remain a negligible proportion of the total energy usage.
Fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - were the most commonly used energy sources in the past, and this will remain so in 2030. In 2008, coal accounted for the largest proportion of energy usage (39%), followed by oil (32.50%) and gas (22.90%). In 2030, its proportion is, however, expected to shrink to 22.30%, with oil, whose usage will reach 35.50%, becoming the major energy source. Gas is predicted to remain in third place despite a considerable increase in its usage to 32%.
Renewable sources of energy together with other ones were and will be significantly less common. In 2008, the usage of solar, wind and hydro power constituted only 0.80%, 0.30% and 0.20% of the total respectively, while others 4.30%. In 2030, solar energy is predicted to be phased out, being replaced by geothermal energy, which is expected to account for 4.30%. In contrast, wind and hydro power are projected to become somewhat more popular, with their proportions growing to 0.90% and 0.70% respectively. The usage of other sources of energy will remain unchanged at 4.30%.
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Task 1. The bar chart shows the proportion of the world’s oil resources held in different areas, together with the proportions consumed annually in the same areas.
😬Ужаснейший график с 10-ю категориями🥵
The bar chart shows the shares of world’s oil deposits and oil consumption in ten different regions.
Overall, the Middle East and Canada, possessing the largest oil reserves, are the regions where the share of oil deposits either exceeds the percentage of their oil consumption. The reverse is true for Asia, the USA and Western Europe - world’s major oil consumers. Central and South America, Eastern Europe and Africa have relatively similar shares of oil resources and oil consumption.
In five regions of the world - the Middle East, Canada, Central and South America, Eastern Europe and Africa - the share of oil reserves surpasses or equals their annual oil consumption. The Middle East stands out in terms of oil deposits, possessing over half of the world’s total - 56.52%. After it, in descending order come Canada, with just over a tenth of reserves (14.84%), Central and South America (8.12%), Eastern Europe (6.58%) and Africa (6.38%). As for the oil consumption, it is fairly similar in three regions - the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Africa - standing at just over 6% in each. Roughly half as much oil is consumed in Africa and Canada, 3.35% and 2.48% respectively.
In the remaining five regions, oil consumption exceeds local resources. Two largest consumers are Asia and the USA, accounting for about a quarter of total world demand each. They are closely followed by Western Europe, with 19.24%. Other areas and Australia and New Zealand are the smallest consumers in the world, representing a mere 2.52% and 1.31% of global demand. In all of these regions, the percentage of world oil deposits is minimal, ranging from 2.89% to as little as 0.30%.
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✅ Vocabulary For Academic IELTS Writing Task 1
⚠️Ana endi ham so'z muammo desangiz,bilinki muammo sizda🤓
🤓Kanalga qo'shiling 👇
♻️@cambridgeIELTSbooks
#IELTSprep#writing#task1
✅ Vocabulary For Academic IELTS Writing Task 1
⚠️Ana endi ham so'z muammo desangiz,bilinki muammo sizda🤓
🤓Kanalga qo'shiling 👇
♻️@cambridgeIELTSbooks
#writing#IELTSprep#task1
✅ Essay corrections
⁉️IELTS writing siz uchun muhimmi? Uni yaxshilash uchun nima qilish kerak deb o'ylaysiz?
✅ Eng yaxshi yechim, insholaringizni tekshirtirish orqali xatolar ustida ishlashdir. Siz ham shu fikrga qo'shilasizmi?
🤝Biz sizga bir nechta insho tahlilini ulashyapmiz. Siz ham do'stingizga ilining!
♻️Channel: @cambridgeIELTSbooks