Подразумеваемые неймспейсы или неявные пакеты.
Этот функционал добавлен в Python 3.3
Что он означает?
Ранее, до 3.3 пакетами считались лишь директории, в которых есть файл __init__.py.
Этот файл одновременно являлся свидетельством того, что директория это Python-пакет, и служил "телом" этого пакета. То есть местом, где можно написать код, как это делается внутри модуля. Этот код исполняется в момент импорта пакета, так что его принято называть "код инициализации пакета".
Начиная с версии 3.3 Любая директория считается пакетом и Python будет пытаться использовать любую директорию для импорта.
Конечно, не любую в файловой системе, а только те что находятся в sys.path.
Это значит, что теперь __init__.py нужно делать только если:
🔸 вам требуется создать код инициализации пакета
🔸 нужна совместимость со старыми версиями Python
На мой взгляд это немного упрощает разработку, делает её чище, но с другой стороны убивает некоторую однозначность происходящего.
Например, я создал репозиторий со своей библиотекой и рядом положил код примеров или тестов.
repo_name/
my_library/
__init__.py
main.py
examples/
exam1.py
exam2.py
В этом репозитории пакетом является только my_library, остальные директории это не пакеты, это просто дополнительный код в файлах. Директория examples не добавлена в sys.path, в ней нет рабочих модулей. Но если она лежит рядом с my_library, то Python вполне сможет импортнуть из неё модули, так как посчитает что examples это валидный пакет.
Конечно, пример несколько надуманный. Никто не будет добавлять корень репозитория в sys.path. Но, я думаю, суть ясна. Иногда директория это просто директория а не пакет!
#basic#pep
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A transaction is considered to span the GST rate change if one or two of the following events takes place wholly or partially on/after 1 Jan 2024:
- The issuance of invoice by supplier
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- The delivery of goods or performance of services
More info at go.gov.sg/irasgst-rc-consumers
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Here are 3 key things GST-registered businesses need to prepare for the 2024 GST rate change:
1) Update systems to incorporate 9% GST from 1 Jan 2024
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Grow your savings by contributing to your SRS Account today! You will be eligible for tax reliefs in Year of Assessment 2024 if you make contribution to your SRS Account by 31 Dec 2023*.
SRS contributions are capped yearly at $15,300 for Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents and $35,700 for foreigners.
Do note that there is an overall cap of $80,000 on the total amount of all tax reliefs that can be claimed (including any relief on SRS contributions) for a year.
Details and qualifying conditions:
https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/individual-income-tax/basics-of-individual-income-tax/special-tax-schemes/srs-contributions
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Enjoy tax deductions of 2.5 times the qualifying donation amount in Year of Assessment 2024 when you donate to any approved Institution of a Public Character (IPC) by 31 Dec 2023.
You will not need to declare the donation amount in your Income Tax Return as tax deductions for qualifying donations will be automatically reflected in your tax assessments based on information from the IPC.
Details and qualifying conditions:
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#TaxTip Grow your savings by contributing to your Supplementary Retirement Scheme (SRS) Account! You will be eligible for tax reliefs in Year of Assessment 2023 if you make contribution to your SRS Account by 31 Dec 2022.
SRS Contributions are capped yearly at $15,300 for Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents and $35,700 for foreigners.
Do note that there is an overall cap of $80,000 on the total amount of all tax reliefs that can be claimed (including any relief on SRS contributions) for a year.
Details and qualifying conditions: https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/individual-income-tax/basics-of-individual-income-tax/special-tax-schemes/srs-contributions
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#TaxTip It is never too early to prepare for your (and your loved ones’) retirement needs. Top up your own and/or those of your family members’ CPF Special/Retirement or Medisave Account by 31 Dec 2022 to enjoy the CPF Cash Top-up Relief in Year of Assessment 2023!
Do note that there is an overall cap of $80,000 on the total amount of all tax reliefs that can be claimed (including any relief on CPF cash top-ups) for a year.
Details and qualifying conditions: www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/individual-income-tax/basics-of-individual-income-tax/tax-reliefs-rebates-and-deductions/tax-reliefs/central-provident-fund-(cpf)-cash-top-up-relief
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#TaxTip Enjoy tax deductions of 2.5 times the qualifying donation amount in Year of Assessment 2023 when you donate to any approved Institution of a Public Character (IPC) by 31 Dec 2022!
You will not need to declare the donation amount in your income tax return as tax deductions for qualifying donations will be automatically reflected in your tax assessments based on information from the IPC.
Details and qualifying conditions: https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/other-taxes/charities/donations-tax-deductions
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Yasss to being a financially savvy kween! 🙌👑 It’s never too soon to secure the bag for your (and your fam’s) retirement 🌟
Top up your own and/or those of your family members’ CPF Special/Retirement or Medisave Account by 31 Dec 2023 to enjoy the CPF Cash Top-up Relief in Year of Assessment 2024.
Do note that there is an overall cap of $80,000 on the total amount of all tax reliefs that can be claimed (including any relief on CPF Cash Top-ups) for a year.
Details and qualifying conditions:
https://www.iras.gov.sg/taxes/individual-income-tax/basics-of-individual-income-tax/tax-reliefs-rebates-and-deductions/tax-reliefs/central-provident-fund-(cpf)-cash-top-up-relief
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