Что делать если нужно поставить какую-то Python-библиотеку а root-прав нет? То есть в систему библиотеку никак и ничего не поставить.
Есть как минимум два способа это решить правильно!
🔸 Сделать виртуальное окружение и ставить там что угодно.
Это позволит создать полностью независимое исполняемое окружение для ваших приложений.
Все библиотеки будут храниться в домашней директории юзера а значит доступ на запись имеется.
Создать очень просто:
python3 -m venv ~/venvs/myenvname
Теперь активируем окружение
# Linux
source ~/venvs/myenvname/bin/activate
# Windows
%userprofile%\venvs\myenvname\Scripts\activate.bat
Можно ставить любые библиотеки и запускать приложение.
Это стандартный метод работы с любым проектом. Если еще не используете его, то пора начинать. Даже при наличии root доступа!
🔸 Бывает, что нет возможности запустить приложение из своего виртуального окружения. Например, его запускает какой-то сервис от вашего юзера и вставить активацию окружения вы не можете.
В этом случае можно установить библиотеки для Python не глобально в систему, а только для юзера.
Выполните этот код в консоли:
python3 -m site
Вы получите что-то такое:
sys.path = [
'/home/user',
'/usr/lib/python37.zip',
'/usr/lib/python3.7',
'/usr/lib/python3.7/lib-dynload',
'/home/user/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages',
...
]
USER_BASE: '/home/user/.local'
USER_SITE: '/home/user/.local/lib/python3.7/site-packages'
ENABLE_USER_SITE: True
Нас интересует параметр USER_SITE. Это путь к пользовательским библиотекам, которые доступны по умолчанию, если они есть.
Именно сюда будут устанавливаться модули если добавить флаг --user при установке чего-либо через pip
pip install --user requests
Для этой команды не нужны root-права.
После неё можно запускать системный интерпретатор без виртуальных окружений и установленная библиотека будет доступна для текущего юзера.
Параметр USER_BASE показывает корневую директорию для хранения user-библиотек. Её можно изменить с помощью переменной окружения PYTHONUSERBASE
export PYTHONUSERBASE=~/pylibs
python3 -m site
...
USER_BASE: '/home/user/pylibs'
USER_SITE: '/home/user/pylibs/lib/python3.7/site-packages'
Получается некоторое подобие виртуального окружения для бедных 😁 которое можно менять через эту переменную (не делайте так!Лучше venv!)
🔸 Дописывание пути в PYTHONPATH
Этот способ не входит в список "двух правильных", но тоже рабочий. Здесь придётся сделать всё несколько сложней.
Сначала ставим библиотеку в любое место указывая путь установки
pip3 install -t ~/mylibs modulename
Библиотека установится без привязки к какому-либо интерпретатору. То есть по умолчанию не будет видна. Теперь в нужный момент добавляем этот путь в sys.path или в PYTHONPATH.
Не буду советовать так делать. Единственный раз когда этот способ мне пригодился и решил поставленную задачу, это при создании общей библиотеки для кластера компьютеров.
Модули лежат в сети и подгружаются для всех из одного и того же места. То есть обновлять файлы требуется только один раз а не на всех хосты отдельно.
Минусы такого подхода:
▫️Нужно всем хостам пробить нужный путь в .bashrc или ещё куда-то чтобы он сетапился на старте.
▫️Чем больше хостов тем больше нагрузка на сеть. Иногда такой способ не подходит именно по этой причине. Тогда Ansible вам в помощь.
▫️Не очень подходит если хосты с разными операционками. Некоторые библиотеки различаются для Linux и Windows (там, где есть бинарники) и приходится мудрить более сложные схемы.
#tricks#basic
#vocabulary
#collocations
#effect
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🤞Sharing is caring🤞
❇️Effect
🔹side effect an unwanted and unplanned effect that something has – used especially (about drugs and medical treatment)
Common side effects of the drug may include headaches and muscle pains.
🔹after effects
bad effects that continue for a long time after the thing that caused them
A traumatic experience can have severe psychological after-effects war.
🔹repercussions /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃəns $ -pər-/ the effects that happen later as a result of an event or decision, especially a range of effects that continue for a long time
The scandal could have serious repercussions for her career.The judge’s decision is likely to have important repercussions for future cases of this kind.
🔹a knock-on effect used when something has an effect on something, which then has an effect on something else
Higher oil prices have a knock-on effect on other fuels
❇️VERBS
have an effect on something/somebody
Eating junk food will eventually have an effect on your health.
🔹have the effect of doing somethingThe news had the effect of making everyone feel better.
🔹produce an effect formalIf we combine these sounds, they produce an effect that is almost jazzy.
🔹feel an effect (=notice it)Small companies will feel the effect of the recession first.
🔹lessen/reduce an effect (=make an effect smaller or less severe)The government must take action to reduce the effects of pollution.
🔹cushion the effect of something(=make it less bad)Lower mortgage rates will cushion the effect of rising house prices.
🔹an effect lasts (=continues)The effect of the drug lasts about six hours.
🔹an effect wears off (=gradually stops)The effect of the anaesthetic was beginning to wear off.
❇️ADJECTIVES
🔹big/majorThe teachers’ strike had a big effect on many schools.
🔹significant/substantial/marked (=quite big)Global warming could have a significant effect on agriculture in many parts of the world.
🔹profound/powerful (=very big, in a way that changes someone or something significantly )My father’s death had a profound effect on me.
🔹dramatic (=very big and sudden)Taking the new drug had a dramatic effect on his health.
🔹negligible/minimal formal (=very small)The advertising campaign had a negligible effect on demand.
🔹immediate (=quick and sudden)The announcement had an immediate effect on stock prices.
good Inflation can sometimes have some good effects on the economy.
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹positive/beneficial (=good, or helping someone or something in some way)The incident had a very positive effect on his career.badWorking too hard was beginning to have a bad effect on my health.
🔹negative/detrimental (=bad or harmful)the negative effects of low rainfall
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹harmful/damaging (=causing harm or damage to something or someone)the harmful effects of drinking too much alcoholSome of the effects can be quite damaging.
🔹visible/noticeable (=an effect that you can clearly see)He drank five beers, but they did not seem to have any visible effect on him.
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹the adverse effects formal (=the bad effects)No one told them about the adverse effects of smoking marijuana.
🔹the long-term/short-term effect(=having an effect for a long or short time)Many boxers suffer with the long-term effects of punches to the head.
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹a knock-on effect (=an effect that is caused by something that has happened before)The strike could have a knock-on effect at other airports.
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹a cumulative effect (=the effect of many things happening one after the other)The cumulative effect of these policies will be to push up inflation.
🔹the desired effect (=the effect you want)
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹the full effect (=the whole effect)
🔹a calming/soothing effect (=one that makes you feel less angry, excited, or nervous)
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
#vocabulary
#collocations
#effect
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🤞Sharing is caring🤞
❇️Effect
🔹side effect an unwanted and unplanned effect that something has – used especially (about drugs and medical treatment)
Common side effects of the drug may include headaches and muscle pains.
🔹after effects
bad effects that continue for a long time after the thing that caused them
A traumatic experience can have severe psychological after-effects war.
🔹repercussions /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃəns $ -pər-/ the effects that happen later as a result of an event or decision, especially a range of effects that continue for a long time
The scandal could have serious repercussions for her career.The judge’s decision is likely to have important repercussions for future cases of this kind.
🔹a knock-on effect used when something has an effect on something, which then has an effect on something else
Higher oil prices have a knock-on effect on other fuels
❇️VERBS
have an effect on something/somebody
Eating junk food will eventually have an effect on your health.
🔹have the effect of doing somethingThe news had the effect of making everyone feel better.
🔹produce an effect formalIf we combine these sounds, they produce an effect that is almost jazzy.
🔹feel an effect (=notice it)Small companies will feel the effect of the recession first.
🔹lessen/reduce an effect (=make an effect smaller or less severe)The government must take action to reduce the effects of pollution.
🔹cushion the effect of something(=make it less bad)Lower mortgage rates will cushion the effect of rising house prices.
🔹an effect lasts (=continues)The effect of the drug lasts about six hours.
🔹an effect wears off (=gradually stops)The effect of the anaesthetic was beginning to wear off.
❇️ADJECTIVES
🔹big/majorThe teachers’ strike had a big effect on many schools.
🔹significant/substantial/marked (=quite big)Global warming could have a significant effect on agriculture in many parts of the world.
🔹profound/powerful (=very big, in a way that changes someone or something significantly )My father’s death had a profound effect on me.
🔹dramatic (=very big and sudden)Taking the new drug had a dramatic effect on his health.
🔹negligible/minimal formal (=very small)The advertising campaign had a negligible effect on demand.
🔹immediate (=quick and sudden)The announcement had an immediate effect on stock prices.
good Inflation can sometimes have some good effects on the economy.
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹positive/beneficial (=good, or helping someone or something in some way)The incident had a very positive effect on his career.badWorking too hard was beginning to have a bad effect on my health.
🔹negative/detrimental (=bad or harmful)the negative effects of low rainfall
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹harmful/damaging (=causing harm or damage to something or someone)the harmful effects of drinking too much alcoholSome of the effects can be quite damaging.
🔹visible/noticeable (=an effect that you can clearly see)He drank five beers, but they did not seem to have any visible effect on him.
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹the adverse effects formal (=the bad effects)No one told them about the adverse effects of smoking marijuana.
🔹the long-term/short-term effect(=having an effect for a long or short time)Many boxers suffer with the long-term effects of punches to the head.
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹a knock-on effect (=an effect that is caused by something that has happened before)The strike could have a knock-on effect at other airports.
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹a cumulative effect (=the effect of many things happening one after the other)The cumulative effect of these policies will be to push up inflation.
🔹the desired effect (=the effect you want)
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
🔹the full effect (=the whole effect)
🔹a calming/soothing effect (=one that makes you feel less angry, excited, or nervous)
@fluencyinenglish
@ieltsstrategies
#collocations
#effect
#vocabulary
@ieltsstrategies
@fluencyinenglish
لغت effect هم در رایتینگ و سپیکینگ معمولا کاربرد زیادی در آزمون آیلتس پیدا می کند. زیرا، در برخی از سوالات از ما خواسته میشه که تاثیرات یک سری عوامل را چه از لحاظ منفی وچه مثبت توضیح دهیم.
در ادامه کالوکیشن های مهم که همراه با effect می آیند را برای شما آورده ایم.
@ieltsstrategies
@fluencyinenglish
✅Crippling/destructive/damaging effect
تاثیر مخرب
@ieltsstrategies
@fluencyinenglish
✅ culminative effect
تاثیر کلی
✅ To ease the effect of sth
عواقب/اثرات .... را کاهش دادن.
@ieltsstrategies
@fluencyinenglish
✅Ameliorate/cushion/lessen/minimize/reduce the effect of sth
اثر/تاثیر چیزی را کاستن
@ieltsstrategies
@fluencyinenglish
✅marginal/negligible/subtle effect
تاثیر ناچیز
@ieltsstrategies
@fluencyinenglish
✅lasting effects
تاثیرات ماندگار
@ieltsstrategies
@fluencyinenglish
✅knock-on effect
تاثیر نا مطلوب، پی آمدهای ناگوار
@ieltsstrategies
@fluencyinenglish
✅ yo-yo effect
نوسان، ترقی و تنزل
✅ undesirable effect
اثر نامطلوب
@ieltsstrategies
@fluencyinenglish
✅ permanent/lasting/ long term effect
تاثیر دایمی
@ieltsstrategies
@fluencyinenglish