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Изворен канал @pythonotes · Post #241 · 5 мај

Можно ли в Python создавать бинарные файлы? Конечно можно. Для этого в Python есть следующие инструменты: ▫️ тип данных bytes и bytearray ▫️ открытие файла в режиме wb (write binary) или rb (read binary) ▫️ модуль struct Про модуль struct поговорим в первую очередь. Файл в формате JSON или Yaml внутри себя содержит разметку данных. Всегда можно определить где список начался а где закончился. Где записана строка а где словарь. То есть формат записи данных содержит в себе элементы разметки данных. В binary-файле данные не имеют визуальной разметки. Это просто байты, записанные один за другим. Правила записи и чтения находятся вне файла. Модуль struct как раз и помогает с организацией данных в таком файле с помощью определения форматов записи для разных частей файла. Модуль struct преобразует Python-объекты в массив байт, готовый к записи в файл и имеющий определённый вид. Для этого всегда следует указывать формат преобразования (или, как оно здесь называется - запаковки). Формат нужен для того, чтобы выделить достаточное количество байт для записи конкретного типа объекта. В последствии с помощью того же формата будет производиться чтение. При этом следует помнить что мы говорим о типах языка С а не Python. Именно формат определяет, что записано в конкретном месте файла, число, строка или что-то еще. Вот какие токены формата у нас есть. Помимо этого, первым символом можно указать порядок байтов. На разных системах одни и те же типы данных могут записываться по-разному, поэтому желательно указать конкретный способ из доступных. Если этого не сделать, то используется символ '@', то есть нативный для текущей системы. В строке формата мы пишем в каком порядке и какие типы собираемся преобразовать в байты. Запакуем в байты простое число, токен "i". >>> import struct >>> struct.pack('=i', 10) b'\n\x00\x00\x00' Теперь несколько float, при этом нужно передавать элементы не массивом а последовательностью аргументов. >>> struct.pack('=fff', 1.0, 2.5, 4.1) b'\x00\x00\x80?\x00\x00 @33\x83@' Вместо нескольких токенов можно просто указать нужное количество элементов перед одним токеном, результат будет тот же. >>> struct.pack('=3f', 1.0, 2.5, 4.1) b'\x00\x00\x80?\x00\x00 @33\x83@' Теперь запакуем разные типы >>> data = struct.pack('=fiQ', 1.0, 4, 100500) я запаковал типы float, int и unsigned long long (очень большой int, на 8 байт) b'\x00\x00\x80?\x04\x00\x00...' Распаковка происходит аналогично, но нужно указать тот же формат, который использовался при запаковке. Результат возвращается всегда в виде кортежа. >>> struct.unpack('=fiQ', data) (1.0, 4, 100500) Как видите, ничего страшного! #lib#basic

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Journey to Fluency

@fluencyinenglish · Post #7410 · 12.11.2019 г., 06:31

#vocabulary #collocations #effect @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🤞Sharing is caring🤞 ❇️Effect 🔹side effect an unwanted and unplanned effect that something has – used especially (about drugs and medical treatment) Common side effects of the drug may include headaches and muscle pains. 🔹after effects bad effects that continue for a long time after the thing that caused them A traumatic experience can have severe psychological after-effects war. 🔹repercussions /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃəns $ -pər-/ the effects that happen later as a result of an event or decision, especially a range of effects that continue for a long time The scandal could have serious repercussions for her career.The judge’s decision is likely to have important repercussions for future cases of this kind. 🔹a knock-on effect used when something has an effect on something, which then has an effect on something else Higher oil prices have a knock-on effect on other fuels ❇️VERBS have an effect on something/somebody Eating junk food will eventually have an effect on your health. 🔹have the effect of doing somethingThe news had the effect of making everyone feel better. 🔹produce an effect formalIf we combine these sounds, they produce an effect that is almost jazzy. 🔹feel an effect (=notice it)Small companies will feel the effect of the recession first. 🔹lessen/reduce an effect (=make an effect smaller or less severe)The government must take action to reduce the effects of pollution. 🔹cushion the effect of something(=make it less bad)Lower mortgage rates will cushion the effect of rising house prices. 🔹an effect lasts (=continues)The effect of the drug lasts about six hours. 🔹an effect wears off (=gradually stops)The effect of the anaesthetic was beginning to wear off. ❇️ADJECTIVES 🔹big/majorThe teachers’ strike had a big effect on many schools. 🔹significant/substantial/marked (=quite big)Global warming could have a significant effect on agriculture in many parts of the world. 🔹profound/powerful (=very big, in a way that changes someone or something significantly )My father’s death had a profound effect on me. 🔹dramatic (=very big and sudden)Taking the new drug had a dramatic effect on his health. 🔹negligible/minimal formal (=very small)The advertising campaign had a negligible effect on demand. 🔹immediate (=quick and sudden)The announcement had an immediate effect on stock prices. good Inflation can sometimes have some good effects on the economy. @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹positive/beneficial (=good, or helping someone or something in some way)The incident had a very positive effect on his career.badWorking too hard was beginning to have a bad effect on my health. 🔹negative/detrimental (=bad or harmful)the negative effects of low rainfall @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹harmful/damaging (=causing harm or damage to something or someone)the harmful effects of drinking too much alcoholSome of the effects can be quite damaging. 🔹visible/noticeable (=an effect that you can clearly see)He drank five beers, but they did not seem to have any visible effect on him. @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹the adverse effects formal (=the bad effects)No one told them about the adverse effects of smoking marijuana. 🔹the long-term/short-term effect(=having an effect for a long or short time)Many boxers suffer with the long-term effects of punches to the head. @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹a knock-on effect (=an effect that is caused by something that has happened before)The strike could have a knock-on effect at other airports. @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹a cumulative effect (=the effect of many things happening one after the other)The cumulative effect of these policies will be to push up inflation. 🔹the desired effect (=the effect you want) @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹the full effect (=the whole effect) 🔹a calming/soothing effect (=one that makes you feel less angry, excited, or nervous) @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies

Journey to Fluency

@fluencyinenglish · Post #6435 · 14.09.2018 г., 12:15

#vocabulary #collocations #effect @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🤞Sharing is caring🤞 ❇️Effect 🔹side effect an unwanted and unplanned effect that something has – used especially (about drugs and medical treatment) Common side effects of the drug may include headaches and muscle pains. 🔹after effects bad effects that continue for a long time after the thing that caused them A traumatic experience can have severe psychological after-effects war. 🔹repercussions /ˌriːpəˈkʌʃəns $ -pər-/ the effects that happen later as a result of an event or decision, especially a range of effects that continue for a long time The scandal could have serious repercussions for her career.The judge’s decision is likely to have important repercussions for future cases of this kind. 🔹a knock-on effect used when something has an effect on something, which then has an effect on something else Higher oil prices have a knock-on effect on other fuels ❇️VERBS have an effect on something/somebody Eating junk food will eventually have an effect on your health. 🔹have the effect of doing somethingThe news had the effect of making everyone feel better. 🔹produce an effect formalIf we combine these sounds, they produce an effect that is almost jazzy. 🔹feel an effect (=notice it)Small companies will feel the effect of the recession first. 🔹lessen/reduce an effect (=make an effect smaller or less severe)The government must take action to reduce the effects of pollution. 🔹cushion the effect of something(=make it less bad)Lower mortgage rates will cushion the effect of rising house prices. 🔹an effect lasts (=continues)The effect of the drug lasts about six hours. 🔹an effect wears off (=gradually stops)The effect of the anaesthetic was beginning to wear off. ❇️ADJECTIVES 🔹big/majorThe teachers’ strike had a big effect on many schools. 🔹significant/substantial/marked (=quite big)Global warming could have a significant effect on agriculture in many parts of the world. 🔹profound/powerful (=very big, in a way that changes someone or something significantly )My father’s death had a profound effect on me. 🔹dramatic (=very big and sudden)Taking the new drug had a dramatic effect on his health. 🔹negligible/minimal formal (=very small)The advertising campaign had a negligible effect on demand. 🔹immediate (=quick and sudden)The announcement had an immediate effect on stock prices. good Inflation can sometimes have some good effects on the economy. @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹positive/beneficial (=good, or helping someone or something in some way)The incident had a very positive effect on his career.badWorking too hard was beginning to have a bad effect on my health. 🔹negative/detrimental (=bad or harmful)the negative effects of low rainfall @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹harmful/damaging (=causing harm or damage to something or someone)the harmful effects of drinking too much alcoholSome of the effects can be quite damaging. 🔹visible/noticeable (=an effect that you can clearly see)He drank five beers, but they did not seem to have any visible effect on him. @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹the adverse effects formal (=the bad effects)No one told them about the adverse effects of smoking marijuana. 🔹the long-term/short-term effect(=having an effect for a long or short time)Many boxers suffer with the long-term effects of punches to the head. @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹a knock-on effect (=an effect that is caused by something that has happened before)The strike could have a knock-on effect at other airports. @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹a cumulative effect (=the effect of many things happening one after the other)The cumulative effect of these policies will be to push up inflation. 🔹the desired effect (=the effect you want) @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies 🔹the full effect (=the whole effect) 🔹a calming/soothing effect (=one that makes you feel less angry, excited, or nervous) @fluencyinenglish @ieltsstrategies

Journey to Fluency

@fluencyinenglish · Post #6256 · 16.07.2018 г., 10:31

#collocations #effect #vocabulary @ieltsstrategies @fluencyinenglish لغت effect هم ‌در رایتینگ و سپیکینگ معمولا کاربرد زیادی در آزمون آیلتس پیدا می کند. زیرا، در برخی از سوالات از ما خواسته میشه که تاثیرات یک سری عوامل را چه از لحاظ منفی و‌چه مثبت توضیح دهیم. در ادامه کالوکیشن های مهم که همراه با effect می آیند را برای شما آورده ایم. @ieltsstrategies @fluencyinenglish ✅Crippling/destructive/damaging effect تاثیر مخرب @ieltsstrategies @fluencyinenglish ✅ culminative effect تاثیر کلی ✅ To ease the effect of sth عواقب/اثرات .... را کاهش دادن. @ieltsstrategies @fluencyinenglish ✅Ameliorate/cushion/lessen/minimize/reduce the effect of sth اثر/تاثیر چیزی را کاستن @ieltsstrategies @fluencyinenglish ✅marginal/negligible/subtle effect تاثیر ناچیز @ieltsstrategies @fluencyinenglish ✅lasting effects تاثیرات ماندگار @ieltsstrategies @fluencyinenglish ✅knock-on effect تاثیر نا مطلوب، پی آمدهای ناگوار @ieltsstrategies @fluencyinenglish ✅ yo-yo effect نوسان، ترقی و تنزل ✅ undesirable effect اثر نامطلوب @ieltsstrategies @fluencyinenglish ✅ permanent/lasting/ long term effect تاثیر دایمی @ieltsstrategies @fluencyinenglish

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