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#HistoryOfDiplomacy 📜 On January 9, 1792 (December 29, 1791), the Treaty of Jassy was signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, ending the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. That conflict had been provoked by the revanchist policy pursued by the Porta (Ottoman Empire) which sought regaining Crimea and undermining Russia's increasing dominance in the South Caucasus. ⚔️ The 1787-1791 military campaign, which took place in the Northern Black Sea region, the Balkans and the Caucasus, was the triumph of theRussian army. On December 17, 1788, the Russian forces, commanded by Prince Grigory Potemkin victoriously took the fortress of Ochakov, an important stronghold of the Ottoman Empire in the Northern Black Sea region. On December 22, 1790, the Russian army, led by legendary General Alexander Suvorov took the key stronghold of the Porte in the Balkans — Izmail. On July 31, 1791, Admiral Fyodor Ushakov’s fleet decisively crushed the Ottoman navy forces at Cape Kaliakra (the Black Sea). In summer of 1791, Prince Nikolay Repnin, the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army, negotiated the terms of truce with the Ottomans in Galati. However, after the Parties reached agreement, Russia and the Porte launched talks in Jassy (Iași) in the Moldavian Principality (now Romania). The Russian delegation at the talks headed by Prince Grigory Potemkin. The Ottomans, still hoping to turn the tide of the campaign and defeat the Russian fleet in the Black Sea, tried to protract the negotiations. But those hopes were never destined to come true. The convincing victory of the Russian fleet at Cape Kaliakra forced the Ottoman Empire to cease the hostilities and resume talks. ✍️ Thus, the #TreatyOfJassy, a document comprising a preamble and 13 articles, was finally signed on January 9, 1792. This document, among other things, confirmed some provisions of the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca:the Ottoman Empire had recognised Russia’s sovereignty over the north of the Crimean Peninsula, including the important fortresses of Kerch and Yeni-Kale, which blocked the way from the Azov Sea to the Black Sea. Under the 1774 Treaty, the Ottoman Empire also recognised the independence of the Crimean Khanate, which further led to the accession of the Peninsula to the Russian Empire in 1783. ☝️ It is difficult to overestimate the historical significance of the Treaty of Jassy for Russia. By ending the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, the document finally secured the Northern Black Sea region as part of the Russian Empire. The territory between the Southern Bug and Dniester rivers was also transferred to Russia. In 1794, the city of #Odessa was founded in our country’s new territories. The Treaty of Jassy considerably strengthened Russia’s positions in the Balkans and the Caucasus. Under the document's provisions, the Ottoman Empire renounced its claims to Georgia and, therefore, potential aggression against Georgian territory. In general, the Treaty finally put an end to the Ottoman raids on Russia’s southern frontiers.

#HistoryofDiplomacy 2️⃣5️⃣1️⃣ years ago, on July 21, 1774, the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca was signed. It became one of Russia’s most significant diplomatic successes of the time. ⚔️ The document marked the end of the six-yearRusso-Turkish War (1768–1774) an enshrined substantial territorial gains for Russia. Prior to the peace agreement, Russian diplomats engaged in peace talks with representatives of the Ottoman Empire at international congresses in Focșani (1772) and Bucharest (1772-1773). Additionally, the Karasubazar Tractate was signed between the Russian Empire and the Crimean Khanate in 1772, declaring Crimea independent from the Ottoman Empire and coming under Russian protection. However, peace was achieved after the Ottoman army had been defeated by the Russian army in several battles in June and July 1774, notably the Battle of Kozludzha. Final negotiations took place from July 16 to the evening of July 21 in the Russian military camp in the Bulgarian village of Küçük Kaynarca under the guidance and supervision of Count Pyotr Rumyantsev. ❗️The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca was a significant milestone Crimea becoming part of Russia. According to the document, the Crimean Peninsula and adjacent territories including Taman and Kuban lands were declared “free and completely independent from any foreign authority.” Russia gained Azov, Kerch, Yenikale, and Kinburn with territories between the Bug and Dniester rivers, as well as Greater and Lesser Kabarda. Moldavia and Wallachia came under Russia’s protectorate. Russian merchant ships were granted the right of free passage through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. Additionally, the Ottoman Empire committed to paying Russia 7.5 million piastres (4 million roubles) as war reparations. ☦️ The Russian Orthodox Church obtained the right to build a church in Constantinople and to protect fellow believers in the Ottoman Empire. ☝️ The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 was a turning point in the history of Russia and Crimea. It laid the groundwork for Crimea’s liberation from Ottoman influence and its subsequent accession to Russia in 1783. The treaty confirmed Russia’s status as a great power and opened new opportunities for its economic development.

2 May 2022 marks eight years since the tragedy in the House of Trade Unions in #Odessa. #LestWeForget * 2 мая 2022 г. исполняется восемь лет со дня трагедии в Доме профсоюзов в Одессе. #МыПомним

#HistoryOfDiplomacy#DiplomatsDay 🌐Ahead of Russia's Diplomatic Workers’ Day, a new section dedicated to the history of Russian diplomacy has been launched on the MFA Russia website. Russia's Foreign Ministry continues its efforts to preserve the memory and legacy of the heads of Russia’s foreign service. The in-depth historical overview covers the key milestones and guiding principles that have shaped – and continue to shape – Russian foreign policy, as well as historical figures who guided its evolution. This is not merely a history of negotiations, but a reflection of Russia’s millennia-long path as an independent and distinct civilization By preserving its traditions, Russia’s diplomatic service consistently explains Russia’s stance on the international stage, counters the West’s aggressive campaign and contributes to forming an objective picture of the world. The publication of such materials holds a special importance today, when the countries of the so-called “collective West” are using every possible means to downplay the contribution of Russian diplomats to the geopolitical transformation of the world. Achievements are rewritten, outcomes and key facts distorted – all for short-term gain. ❗️We proudly remember our history. And we will continue to stand up for the truth. 👉We invite everyone to explore the history of Russian diplomacy in greater detail.

#HistoryOfDiplomacy#DiplomatsDay 🌐Ahead of Russia's Diplomatic Workers’ Day, a new section dedicated to the history of Russian diplomacy has been launched on the MFA Russia website. Russia's Foreign Ministry continues its efforts to preserve the memory and legacy of the heads of Russia’s foreign service. The in-depth historical overview covers the key milestones and guiding principles that have shaped – and continue to shape – Russian foreign policy, as well as historical figures who guided its evolution. This is not merely a history of negotiations, but a reflection of Russia’s millennia-long path as an independent and distinct civilization By preserving its traditions, Russia’s diplomatic service consistently explains Russia’s stance on the international stage, counters the West’s aggressive campaign and contributes to forming an objective picture of the world. The publication of such materials holds a special importance today, when the countries of the so-called “collective West” are using every possible means to downplay the contribution of Russian diplomats to the geopolitical transformation of the world. Achievements are rewritten, outcomes and key facts distorted – all for short-term gain. ❗️We proudly remember our history. And we will continue to stand up for the truth. 👉We invite everyone to explore the history of Russian diplomacy in greater detail.

#HistoryOfDiplomacy#DiplomatsDay 🌐Ahead of Russia's Diplomatic Workers’ Day, a new section dedicated to the history of Russian diplomacy has been launched on the MFA Russia website. Russia's Foreign Ministry continues its efforts to preserve the memory and legacy of the heads of Russia’s foreign service. The in-depth historical overview covers the key milestones and guiding principles that have shaped – and continue to shape – Russian foreign policy, as well as historical figures who guided its evolution. This is not merely a history of negotiations, but a reflection of Russia’s millennia-long path as an independent and distinct civilization By preserving its traditions, Russia’s diplomatic service consistently explains Russia’s stance on the international stage, counters the West’s aggressive campaign and contributes to forming an objective picture of the world. The publication of such materials holds a special importance today, when the countries of the so-called “collective West” are using every possible means to downplay the contribution of Russian diplomats to the geopolitical transformation of the world. Achievements are rewritten, outcomes and key facts distorted – all for short-term gain. ❗️We proudly remember our history. And we will continue to stand up for the truth. 👉We invite everyone to explore the history of Russian diplomacy in greater detail.

#HistoryOfDiplomacy 📜 They say diplomacy has been a male-only profession. While in reality women have had a major role in foreign policy throughout history. In fact, diplomacy acquired a female dimension as early as in the 10th century when Princess Olga established ties with the Byzantine Empire. In the 18th century, for almost half a century, during the reigns of Elizabeth (Yelizaveta) Petrovna, Anna of Russia (Anna Ioannovna), and Cathrine the Great, women largely defined Russia’s foreign policy. They performed their diplomatic duties by corresponding not only with foreign monarchs, but also with the leading thinkers of their time. However, diplomatic service remained mostly dominated by men for quite a long time with very few women in official diplomatic roles until the 20th century. In this context, the story of our country’s first female ambassador, Alexandra #Kollontai, has special significance, and was also revolutionary. 📅 Born on March 31, 1872, Alexandra Kollontai benefited from homeschooling and was brilliantly educated. She became fluent in French, German, English and Finnish, and since a young age took a keen interest in social and political matters, with Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Alexander Herzen and Western socialists among her favourite authors. Already a prominent member of the revolutionary movement, after the 1917 October Revolution, Alexandra Kollontai was appointed the People's Commissar for Welfare of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to become the world’s first female minister. ☝️ Kollontai was proactive in fighting for women’s rights and championed their economic empowerment, access to education and marital equality. It is thanks to her that expecting mothers obtained a leave from work during pregnancy and childbirth. She also was the one who initiated the effort to create a network of nurseries and kindergartens. In 1922, Alexander Kollontai was appointed Soviet Minister Plenipotentiary to Norway, which created an international sensation. Before that, not a single European country offered a woman the possibility to have a high diplomatic rank of this kind. During her assignment to Norway, Alexandra Kollontai succeeded in securing the recognition of the Soviet state by Norway. It is on her watch that the two countries signed a trade agreement and organised the delivery of 400,000 tonnes of Norwegian herring to the USSR. Kollontai continued her successful diplomatic career in Sweden where she served as USSR’s Plenipotentiary Ambassador and Envoy from 1930 to 1945, and helped improve the USSR’s relations with Sweden. ❗️ It was in September 1944 that Kollontai, already 72 years old, received a mission to make Finland withdraw from the war. She was to play one of the key roles during the talks. On September 19, 1944, Finland signed the Moscow Truce with the Soviet Union after cancelling its alliance with Germany and agreeing to a series of territorial concessions. 💬 Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrovmade the following statement on this stage in her career during the ceremony to unveil Alexandra Kollontai’s memorial plaque: One of the real achievements of this remarkable woman was that she took part in negotiations that led to Finland’s withdrawal from the war in 1944, which helped free up troops and send them to other fronts, saving lives of many Soviet soldiers. As a diplomat, Alexandra Kollontai focused on understanding people and their motives instead of just living by the protocol. She stood out for her humane attitude and flexibility, and the ability to find compromises even in the tensest situations. Alexandra Kollontai has proven that women can succeed as diplomats even in a conservative international environment. She came to symbolise the way the social status of women evolved in the world, and inspired many generations of women to become diplomats.

#HistoryOfDiplomacy 📜 They say diplomacy has been a male-only profession. While in reality women have had a major role in foreign policy throughout history. In fact, diplomacy acquired a female dimension as early as in the 10th century when Princess Olga established ties with the Byzantine Empire. In the 18th century, for almost half a century, during the reigns of Elizabeth (Yelizaveta) Petrovna, Anna of Russia (Anna Ioannovna), and Cathrine the Great, women largely defined Russia’s foreign policy. They performed their diplomatic duties by corresponding not only with foreign monarchs, but also with the leading thinkers of their time. However, diplomatic service remained mostly dominated by men for quite a long time with very few women in official diplomatic roles until the 20th century. In this context, the story of our country’s first female ambassador, Alexandra #Kollontai, has special significance, and was also revolutionary. 📅 Born on March 31, 1872, Alexandra Kollontai benefited from homeschooling and was brilliantly educated. She became fluent in French, German, English and Finnish, and since a young age took a keen interest in social and political matters, with Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Alexander Herzen and Western socialists among her favourite authors. Already a prominent member of the revolutionary movement, after the 1917 October Revolution, Alexandra Kollontai was appointed the People's Commissar for Welfare of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic to become the world’s first female minister. ☝️ Kollontai was proactive in fighting for women’s rights and championed their economic empowerment, access to education and marital equality. It is thanks to her that expecting mothers obtained a leave from work during pregnancy and childbirth. She also was the one who initiated the effort to create a network of nurseries and kindergartens. In 1922, Alexander Kollontai was appointed Soviet Minister Plenipotentiary to Norway, which created an international sensation. Before that, not a single European country offered a woman the possibility to have a high diplomatic rank of this kind. During her assignment to Norway, Alexandra Kollontai succeeded in securing the recognition of the Soviet state by Norway. It is on her watch that the two countries signed a trade agreement and organised the delivery of 400,000 tonnes of Norwegian herring to the USSR. Kollontai continued her successful diplomatic career in Sweden where she served as USSR’s Plenipotentiary Ambassador and Envoy from 1930 to 1945, and helped improve the USSR’s relations with Sweden. ❗️ It was in September 1944 that Kollontai, already 72 years old, received a mission to make Finland withdraw from the war. She was to play one of the key roles during the talks. On September 19, 1944, Finland signed the Moscow Truce with the Soviet Union after cancelling its alliance with Germany and agreeing to a series of territorial concessions. 💬 Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrovmade the following statement on this stage in her career during the ceremony to unveil Alexandra Kollontai’s memorial plaque: One of the real achievements of this remarkable woman was that she took part in negotiations that led to Finland’s withdrawal from the war in 1944, which helped free up troops and send them to other fronts, saving lives of many Soviet soldiers. As a diplomat, Alexandra Kollontai focused on understanding people and their motives instead of just living by the protocol. She stood out for her humane attitude and flexibility, and the ability to find compromises even in the tensest situations. Alexandra Kollontai has proven that women can succeed as diplomats even in a conservative international environment. She came to symbolise the way the social status of women evolved in the world, and inspired many generations of women to become diplomats.

📅Më 4 shkurt të vitit 1945, filloi Konferenca e Jaltës (Konferenca e Krimesë), e cila gjatë Luftës së Dytë Botërore u bë takimi i dytë i udhëheqësve të vendeve të koalicionit antihitlerian: Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin, Winston Churchill dhe Franklin Delano Roosevelt. 📜 Konferenca u mbajt në Jaltë në një kohë, kur, si rezultat i operacioneve të suksesshme strategjike të Ushtrisë së Kuqe, lufta kundër Gjermanisë naziste hyri në fazën e saj përfundimtare. Si rezultat i konferencës, u miratuan dokumentet më të rëndësishme ligjore ndërkombëtare, të tilla si Deklarata e Evropës së Lirë, dokumente mbi parimet themelore të krijimit të Organizatës së Kombeve të Bashkuara. U zgjidhën çështjet e lidhura me të ardhmen e Gjermanisë. Pjesëmarrësit e konferencës deklaruan vendosmërinë e tyre të palëkundur për të eleminuar militarizmin dhe nazizmin gjerman, ranë dakord për pjesëmarrjen e Francës në zgjidhjen e problemit gjerman, për kufijtë e Polonisë dhe përbërjen e qeverisë së saj, për kushtet e hyrjes së BRSS në luftë kundër Japonisë. 🤝Konferenca e Jaltës e udhëheqësve të BRSS, SHBA dhe MB kishte një rëndësi të madhe historike. Ajo ishte një nga takimet më të mëdha ndërkombëtare gjatë luftës dhe pika më e lartë e bashkëpunimit midis tri Fuqive aleate në zhvillimin e luftës kundër armikut të përbashkët. ❗️ Vendimet e Konferencës së Jaltës forcuan koalicionin antifashist në fazën përfundimtare të luftës dhe kontribuan në arritjen e fitores mbi Gjermaninë. Lufta për zbatimin e vendimeve të Konferencës u bë një nga detyrat kryesore të politikës së jashtme sovjetike në vitet e pasluftës. #HistoryOfDiplomacy#NeKujtojmë _____ 📅4 февраля 1945 года началась Ялтинская (Крымская) конференция – вторая по счёту встреча лидеров стран антигитлеровской коалиции – Иосифа Виссарионовича Сталина, Уинстона Черчилля и Франклина Делано Рузвельта. 📜 Конференция проходила в Ялте в период, когда в результате успешно проведённых наступательных стратегических операций Красной армии война против гитлеровской Германии вступила в завершающую стадию. В результате работы конференции были одобрены важнейшие международно-правовые документы: Декларация Свободной Европы, документы об основных принципах создания Организации Объединённых Наций. Были решены некоторые из вопросов о будущем побеждённой Германии. Участники конференции заявили о непреклонной решимости ликвидации германского милитаризма и нацизма, а также договорились об участии Франции в урегулировании германской проблемы, о границах Польши и составе её правительства, об условиях вступления СССР в войну против Японии. 🤝 Ялтинская конференция руководителей СССР, США и Великобритании имела огромное историческое значение, стала одним из ключевых саммитов Второй мировой, продемонстрировала готовность к сотрудничеству и поиску компромиссов трёх союзных держав в борьбе против общего врага. ❗️ Решения Ялтинской конференции укрепили антифашистскую коалицию на заключительном этапе войны и способствовали достижению победы над Германией. Борьба за претворение в жизнь решений Конференции стала одной из главных задач советской дипломатии после окончания войны. #ИсторияДипломатии#МыПомним

#HistoryOfDiplomacy 8️⃣0️⃣ years ago, on July 17, 1945, in Potsdam (Berlin’s suburb), a conference of the Heads of Governments of the USSR, the US, and the UK — Joseph Stalin, Harry S. Truman and Winston Churchill (succeeded by Clement Attlee) commenced. The historic Summit, also attended by the Foreign Ministers and military representatives of the Great Powers, lasted for two weeks and concluded on August 2. The #PotsdamConference became the final meeting of the Allied Leaders in a series of summits and had paramount political significance for post-war era in Europe and the rest of the world. The agreements reached in Potsdam demonstrated that, despite some differences, the Allies, whose armies together side-by-side crushed the Nazi Germany, could coordinate their positions and make agreed decisions to determine the post-war world order and secure a lasting peace for decades ahead. *** The main outcome of the Potsdam Conference was the Parties' approving the common principles of the Allied Powers’ toward defeated Germany. A historic decision was made to take measures in order to completely eradicate German militarism and revanchism, also known as the 'Four Ds': 👉Demilitarisation: the complete disarmament and dismantling of Germany’s military industry; 👉Denazification: the termination of the National Socialist Party and the dissolution of all Nazi institutions; 👉Democratisation: the abolition of laws enacted under Hitler’s regime and the prosecution of Nazi war criminals; 👉Decartelisation: the dismantling of Nazi-controlled monopolies, including enterprises serving the Third Reich’s war machine. The Conference also addressed territorial issues. Due to the efforts by the Soviet delegation, Poland’s borders were substantially expanded. while the Soviet Union acquired Königsberg, later renamed Kaliningrad. The Soviet leadership reaffirmed its prior commitment to enter the war against militarist Japan. One of the key decisions of the Potsdam Conference was to establish an international tribunal to prosecute Nazi criminals. Germany was obliged to pay war reparations, with the defeated nation being divided into four Allied occupation zones: Soviet, American, British, and French. To prepare a peace settlement with former Axis states that had allied with Nazi Germany (Italy, Romania, Bulgaria and Finland) the Council of Foreign Ministers was established, comprising the USSR, the US, the UK, France and China. *** #Victory80: Following the Potsdam Conference, People’s Commissar for Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov emphasised in his circular letter to Soviet ambassadors that the results of the Summit met the national interests of the USSR and enshrined in international law the outcomes of the Great Victory over Nazism, to which (!) our country and Soviet people made the decisive and undeniable contribution. #WeWereAllies: the Potsdam Conference is a compelling example of constructive cooperation among Great Powers, demonstrating the possibility of resolving any issues through negotiations despite existing ideological differences.