Вторая по частоте future-функция, которую я использовал, это абсолютный импорт
from __future__ import absolute_import
Что она делает?
Изменения, которые вносит эта инъекция описаны в PEP328
Покажу простой пример.
Допустим, есть такой пакет:
/my_package
/__init__.py
/main.py
/string.py
Смотрим код в my_package/main.py
# main.py
import string
Простой пример готов) Вопрос в том, какой модуль импортируется в данном случае? Есть два варианта:
1. модуль в моём пакете my_package.string
2. стандартный модуль string
И вот тут вступает в дело приоритет импортов. В Python2 порядок следующий: помимо иных источников, раньше ищется модуль внутри текущего пакета, а потом в стандартных библиотеках. Таким образом мы импортнём my_package.string.
Но в Python3 это поведение изменилось. Если мы указываем просто имя пакета, то ищется именно такой модуль, игнорируя имена в текущем пакете. Если мы хотим импортнуть именно подмодуль из нашего пакета то, мы должны теперь явно это указывать.
from my_package import string
или относительный импорт, но с указанием пути относительно текущего модуля main
from . import string
Еще одной неоднозначностью меньше 😎
Подробней про импорты здесь:
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html
#2to3#pep#basic
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#classmethod
classmethod(function)
Return a class method for function.
A #class method receives the class as implicit first argument, just like an instance method receives the instance. To declare a class method, use this idiom:
class C:
@classmethod
def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...): ...
The @classmethod form is a function decorator – see the description of function definitions in Function definitions for details.
It can be called either on the class (such as C.f()) or on an instance (such as C().f()). The instance is ignored except for its class. If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class object is passed as the implied first argument.
Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods. If you want those, see staticmethod() in this section.
For more information on class methods, consult the documentation on the standard type hierarchy in The standard type hierarchy.
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http://www.wikipython.com/other-concepts/anatomy-of-a-class/
It seems obvious, but note that you must define a class before you use it.
When you create a #class, it establishes its own namespace and all its own local variables (except global definitions) exist only inside that #namespace. They do not interact with other variables of the same name outside it. This leads us to one very important “feature” of classes that you need to know. If you use the same word to designate some specific value both inside and outside the class blueprint, the instance value will take precedence when you try to use that value.
#learn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_responsibility_principle
The #single_responsibility_principle is a computer programming principle that states that every #module or #class should have responsibility over a single part of the functionality provided by the software, and that responsibility should be entirely encapsulated by the class. All its services should be narrowly aligned with that responsibility. Robert C. Martin expresses the principle as, "A class should have only one reason to change."
https://julien.danjou.info/blog/2013/guide-python-static-class-abstract-methods
Mixing #static, #class and #abstract methods
When building classes and inheritances, the time will come where you will have to mix all these methods decorators. So here's some tips about it.
Keep in mind that declaring a method as being abstract, doesn't freeze the prototype of that method. That means that it must be implemented, but it can be implemented with any argument list.